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Coastal Countercurrents Increase Propagule Pressure of an Aquatic Invasive Species to an Area Where Previous Introductions Failed

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Abstract

The establishment of many non-indigenous species is primarily controlled by propagule pressure, local environmental conditions, and biological interactions. An introduction is doomed to fail if any one of these factors is unsuitable. A few Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 specimens have been collected along a limited stretch of the central Portuguese coast since the late 1970s, but a viable population was never detected. However, starting in 2016, a population of the Atlantic blue crab has established and expanded along the southern Portuguese coast. The objective of the present study was to provide insights into the invasion of the Atlantic blue crab in Portugal based on unpublished museum collection records and new records made by citizen scientists on the western coast and to provide a mechanistic explanation for the recent expansion based on observational oceanography data. Citizen science records along with observational oceanography data from 2019 and 2020 suggest that the southern Portugal population is expanding towards the western coast due to warmer coastal countercurrent events that form in the Gulf of Cadiz during the reproductive period of the Atlantic blue crab (summer–early fall). This oceanographic feature facilitates the transport of larvae towards the western coast of Portugal, which increases propagule pressure, while estuaries along the southwestern coast may serve as stepping stones supporting the northwards expansion of the species in tandem with increasing sea temperature. This study also highlights the value of citizen science in detecting the range expansion of invasive species over wide geographical areas.

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Acknowledgements

The authors greatly appreciate the contribution of each citizen scientist to the NEMA campaign. We also acknowledge the help of Dr. Alexandra Cartaxana (National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon) in clarifying two historical records of the Atlantic blue crab in the museum’s collection. The help provided by Fátima Gil and Paula Machaz is also much appreciated regarding all the information on records of the Atlantic blue crab from the collections of the Vasco da Gama Aquarium. This study received partial financial support by Portuguese national funds from the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through the project UIDB/04326/2020, and European funds from the Atlazul project (Poctep/Interreg 0755_ATLAZUL_6_E – Impulso da Aliança Litoral Atlântica para o Crescimento Azul). João Encarnação has a Ph.D. scholarship (SFRH/BD/140556/2018) funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal). This is also contribution #1445 from the Institute of Environment at Florida International University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade Do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    João Encarnação, Maria Alexandra Teodósio & Pedro Morais

  2. Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO), Universidade Do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Lilian Anne Krug

  3. Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade Do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Lilian Anne Krug

  4. Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    Pedro Morais

Authors
  1. João Encarnação
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  2. Lilian Anne Krug
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  3. Maria Alexandra Teodósio
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  4. Pedro Morais
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Correspondence to João Encarnação.

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Additional information

Communicated by Judith P. Grassle

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1 Graphical animation of Sea Surface Temperature (°C) in Gulf of Cadiz, Algarve (south Portugal), and southwest coast of Portugal, between June 01, 2018 and November 30, 2018. Supplementary file1 (MP4 4131 kb)

ESM 2 Graphical animation of Sea Surface Temperature (°C) in Gulf of Cadiz, Algarve (south Portugal), and southwest coast of Portugal, between June 01, 2019 and November 30, 2019. Supplementary file2 (MP4 4398 kb)

ESM 3

Oceanographic data on zonal and meridional velocity components used to calculate current velocity and direction in the study area between the Guadiana river mouth and Cape Sines. Supplementary file3 (XLSX 33 kb)

ESM 4 Graphical animation of daily sea surface current speed and direction in Gulf of Cadiz, Algarve (south Portugal), and southwest coast of Portugal, between September 09, 2018, and October 18, 2018. Supplementary file4 (MP4 6616 kb)

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Encarnação, J., Krug, L.A., Teodósio, M.A. et al. Coastal Countercurrents Increase Propagule Pressure of an Aquatic Invasive Species to an Area Where Previous Introductions Failed. Estuaries and Coasts 45, 2504–2518 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01092-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01092-8

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