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Relative Contributions of DNRA and Denitrification to Nitrate Reduction in Thalassia testudinum Seagrass Beds in Coastal Florida (USA)

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Abstract

Seagrass beds are vulnerable to eutrophication (nutrient loading) and declining worldwide. To quantify the fate of nitrogen (N) inputs, intact sediment cores were incubated in a continuous-flow system with 15N enrichments to compare N consumption and efflux pathways within and near seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) beds in St. Joseph Bay, Florida. Sediment oxygen demand and total ammonium (NH4+) efflux were greater (p < 0.001) in vegetated versus unvegetated sediments, suggesting that seagrasses enhance organic matter remineralization. Denitrification rates were 2–20× greater than estimates of potential dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). The effect of vegetation on denitrification rates was inconsistent. Direct denitrification of overlying water nitrate and N fixation rates were low, suggesting tight coupling between remineralization, nitrification, and denitrification. DNRA rates were lower than denitrification and consistently greater in vegetated sediments. DNRA rate measurements are conservative if sediment cation exchange decreases the fraction of 15NH4+ reaching overlying water, especially in vegetated sediments, where rates of nitrate-induced ammonium fluxes were observed. Coupled nitrification-denitrification was the major N loss pathway in this system, as evidenced by the lack of 15N-labeled N2 production in isotope-enriched cores. Using measured sediment oxygen demand and NH4+ fluxes as an indicator of organic matter quality and quantity, these results are consistent with previous work showing that labile organic matter helps regulate the balance between N removal and internal recycling pathways in seagrass systems, which has implications for coastal management strategies to address eutrophication.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the T.H. Stone Memorial State Park and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for providing permits and access to sampling locations and Alex Lamle, Joseph Dirnberger, and Katie Horning for their assistance in 2014 sampling.

Funding

Funding for this research was provided by the College of Science and Math, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, and Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning at Kennesaw State University. Additional financial support for Hoffman was provided by the Birla Carbon Scholar’s Program, the Graduate School at Wright State University, and Ohio Sea Grant during the preparation of this manuscript.

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  1. Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA

    Daniel K. Hoffman, Mark J. McCarthy, Silvia E. Newell & Desi N. Niewinski

  2. The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Austin, 78373, TX, USA

    Wayne S. Gardner

  3. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 20062, China

    Juan Gao

  4. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA

    Troy R. Mutchler

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  1. Daniel K. Hoffman
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Correspondence to Daniel K. Hoffman.

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Hoffman, D.K., McCarthy, M.J., Newell, S.E. et al. Relative Contributions of DNRA and Denitrification to Nitrate Reduction in Thalassia testudinum Seagrass Beds in Coastal Florida (USA). Estuaries and Coasts 42, 1001–1014 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00540-2

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