Alexander, Clark R. 2010. GIS and field-based documentation of armored estuarine shorelines in Georgia. Final report to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Brunswick, GA. Brunswick: Final Report to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
Google Scholar
Alexander, Clark R., Charles A. Nittrouer, and David J. DeMaster. 1986. High-resolution seismic stratigraphy and its sedimentological interpretation on the Amazon continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 6: 337–357 Pergamon. doi:10.1016/0278-4343(86)90067-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Balouskus, Richard G., and Timothy E. Targett. 2012. Egg deposition by Atlantic Silverside, Menidia menidia: substrate utilization and comparison of natural and altered shoreline type. Estuaries and Coasts 35: 1100–1109. doi:10.1007/s12237-012-9495-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Bamford, Holly. 2013. National coastal population report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Management and Budget Office, Special Projects: 1–22.
Bates, Douglas, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker, and Steve Walker. 2014. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. arXiv preprint arXiv.
Bertness, M.D., and A.M. Ellison. 1987. Determinants of pattern in a New England salt marsh plant community. Ecological Monographs 57: 129–147.
Article
Google Scholar
Bertness, Mark D., Patrick Ewanchuk, and Brian R. Silliman. 2002. Anthropogenic modification of New England salt marsh landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 1395–1398.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Bozek, Catherine M., and David M. Burdick. 2005. Impacts of seawalls on saltmarsh plant communities in the Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire USA. Wetlands Ecology and Management 13: 553–568. doi:10.1007/s11273-004-5543-z.
Article
Google Scholar
Buck, T. L., G. A. Breed, S. C. Pennings, M. E. Chase, M. Zimmer, and T.H. Carefoot. 2003. Diet choice in an omnivorous salt-marsh crab: different food types, body size, and habitat complexity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 292: 103–116.
Chapman, M.G. 2003. Paucity of mobile species on constructed seawalls: effects of urbanization on biodiversity. Marine Ecological Progress Series 264: 21–29.
Article
Google Scholar
Clarke, KR, and RM Warwick. 2006. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. 6th Edition. Plymouth: Primer-E Ltd.
Crossett, Kristen M, Thomas J Culliton, Peter C Wiley, and Timothy R Goodspeed. 2005. Population trends along the coastal United States: 1980–2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Management and Budget Office, Special Projects.: 1–54.
Doody, J. 2004. “Coastal squeeze”—an historical perspective. Journal of Coastal Conservation 10: 129–138.
Article
Google Scholar
Dugan, Jenifer E., David Hubbard, Iván F. Rodil, David Revell, and Stephen Schroeter. 2008. Ecological effects of coastal armoring on sandy beaches. Marine Ecology 29: 160–170.
Article
Google Scholar
Dugan, Jenifer E., L. Airoldi, M.G. Chapman, S.J. Walker, and T. Schlacher. 2011. Estuarine and coastal structures: environmental effects, a focus on shore and nearshore structures. Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science 8: 17–42. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00802-0.
Article
Google Scholar
Dugan, Jenifer E., K. A. Emery, M. Alber, C.R. Alexander, James E. Byers, A. L. M. Gehman, N. McLenaghan, and S. E. Sojka. 2017. Generalizing ecological effects of shoreline armoring across soft sediment environments. Estuaries and Coasts: 1-17. doi:10.1007/s12237-017-0254-x.
Edwards, J.M., and R.W. Frey. 1977. Substrate characteristics within a Holocene salt marsh, Sapelo Island, Georgia. Senckenbergiana Maritima 9: 215–259.
Google Scholar
Fitch, Rosemarie, Theresa Theodose, and Michele Dionne. 2009. Relationships among upland development, nitrogen, and plant community composition in a Maine salt marsh. Wetlands 29: 1179–1188.
Article
Google Scholar
Fox, John, and Sanford Weisberg. 2011. An {R} companion to applied regression. second ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication.
Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and P.B. Basan. 1985. Coastal salt marshes. In Coastal sedimentary environments, ed. R.A. Davis Jr., 225–301. New York: Springer.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Gehman, A. 2016. Effects of small-scale armoring and residential development on the salt marsh/upland ecotone in coastal Georgia, USA. Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project, University of Georgia, Long Term Ecological Research Network. http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/76497936543330a1895015df794ab077
Gittman, Rachel K., A.M. Popowich, and J.F. Bruno. 2014. Marshes with and without sills protect estuarine shorelines from erosion better than bulkheads during a Category 1 hurricane. Ocean & Coastal Management 102: 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.016.
Article
Google Scholar
Gittman, Rachel K., F. Joel Fodrie, Alyssa M. Popowich, Danielle A. Keller, John F. Bruno, Carolyn A. Currin, Charles H. Peterson, and Michael F. Piehler. 2015. Engineering away our natural defenses: an analysis of shoreline hardening in the US. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13: 301–307. doi:10.1890/150065.
Article
Google Scholar
Griffiths, J. 1967. Scientific method in analysis of sediments. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Google Scholar
Hladik, Christine, and Merryl Alber. 2014. Classification of salt marsh vegetation using edaphic and remote sensing-derived variables. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 141: 47–57 Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.011.
Article
Google Scholar
Hothorn, Torsten, Frank Bretz, and Peter Westfall. 2008. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal 50: 346–363.
Article
Google Scholar
Kornis, Matthew S, Donna M Bilkovic, Lori A Davias, Steve Giordano, and Denise L Breitburg. 2017. Shoreline hardening affects nekton biomass, size structure, and taxonomic diversity in nearshore waters, with responses mediated by functional species groups. Estuaries and Coasts: 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s12237-017-0214-5.
Koroleff, F. 1983. Determination of ammonia. In Methods of seawater analysis: second, revised and extended edition, eds. K Grasshoff, M Ehrhardt, and K Kremling. Weinheim.
Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Per Bruun Brockhoff, and Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen. 2015. lmerTest: tests in linear mixed effects models. R package version 2.0–29: 1–1.
Landschoff, Jannes, Dagmar Lackschewitz, Katharina Kesy, and Karsten Reise. 2013. Globalization pressure and habitat change: Pacific rocky shore crabs invade armored shorelines in the Atlantic Wadden Sea. Aquatic Invasions 8: 77–87. doi:10.3391/ai.2013.8.1.09.
Article
Google Scholar
Li, Shanze, and Steven C. Pennings. 2016. Disturbance in Georgia salt marshes: variation across space and time. Ecosphere 7: e01487–e01411. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1487.
Article
Google Scholar
Li, Shanze, and Steven C. Pennings. 2017. Timing of disturbance affects biomass and flowering of a saltmarsh plant and attack by stem-boring herbivores. Ecosphere 8: e01675–e01679. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1675.
Article
Google Scholar
Long, W. Christopher, Jacob N. Grow, John E. Majoris, and Anson H. Hines. 2011. Effects of anthropogenic shoreline hardening and invasion by Phragmites australis on habitat quality for juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 409: 215–222. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.08.024.
Article
Google Scholar
Lowe, Michael R., and Mark Peterson. 2014. Effects of coastal urbanization on salt-marsh faunal assemblages in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine and Coastal Fisheries 6: 89–107.
Article
Google Scholar
Lowe, Michael R., and Mark S. Peterson. 2015. Body condition and foraging patterns of nekton from salt marsh habitats arrayed along a gradient of urbanization. Estuaries and Coasts 38: 800–812. doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9865-7.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
McClelland, James W., Ivan Valiela, and Robert H. Michener. 1997. Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: a record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 930–937. doi:10.4319/lo.1997.42.5.0930.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Mouton, Edmond C., and Darryl L. Felder. 1995. Reproduction of the fiddler crabs Uca longisignalis and Uca spinicarpa in a Gulf of Mexico salt marsh. Estuaries and Coasts 18: 469–481.
Article
Google Scholar
Nordstrom, Karl F., and Nancy L. Jackson. 2013. Removing shore protection structures to facilitate migration of landforms and habitats on the bayside of a barrier spit. Geomorphology 199: 179–191. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.011.
Article
Google Scholar
Nordstrom, K.F., N.L. Jackson, P. Rafferty, N.A. Raineault, and R. Grafals-Soto. 2009. Effects of bulkheads on estuarine shores: an example from Fire Island National Seashore, USA. J Coast Res I: 188–192.
Google Scholar
Oksanen, Jari, F Guillaume Blanchet, Roeland Kindt, Pierre Legendre, Peter R Minchin, R B OHara, Gavin L Simpson, et al. Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.0–29.
Pethick, John. 2001. Coastal management and sea-level rise. Catena 42: 307–322.
Article
Google Scholar
Popkin, Gabriel. 2015. Breaking the waves. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6262.756.
R Core Team (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Rice, E.W., R.B. Baird, A.D. Eaton, and L.S. Clesceri. 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. New York: American Public Health Association.
Google Scholar
Scyphers, Steven B., J. Steven Picou, and Sean P. Powers. 2014. Participatory conservation of coastal habitats: the importance of understanding homeowner decision making to mitigate cascading shoreline degradation. Conservation Letters 8: 41–49. doi:10.1111/conl.12114.
Article
Google Scholar
Siddon, E.C., Janet T. Duffy-Anderson, and F.J. Mueter. 2011. Community-level response of fish larvae to environmental variability in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Ecological Progress Series 426: 225–239. doi:10.3354/meps09009.
Article
Google Scholar
Silliman, Brian R., and Mark D. Bertness. 2004. Shoreline development drives invasion of Phragmites australis and the loss of plant diversity on New England salt marshes. Conservation Biology 18: 1424–1434.
Article
Google Scholar
Sobocinski, Kathryn L., Jeffery R. Cordell, and Charles A. Simenstad. 2010. Effects of shoreline modifications on supratidal macroinvertebrate fauna on Puget Sound, Washington beaches. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 699–711. doi:10.1007/s12237-009-9262-9.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Stewart-Oaten, Allan, William W. Murdoch, and Keith R. Parker. 1986. Environmental impact assessment: pseudoreplication in time? Ecology 67. Ecological Society of America: 929–940.
Article
Google Scholar
Valiela, Ivan, and Carol S. Rietsma. 1995. Disturbance of salt marsh vegetation by wrack mats in Great Sippewissett Marsh. Oecologia 102. Springer-Verlag: 106–112. doi:10.1007/BF00333317.
Article
Google Scholar
Wahl, M.H., H.N. McKellar, and T.M. Williams. 1997. Patterns of nutrient loading in forested and urbanized coastal streams. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 213: 111–131.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Walters, Keith, John J. Hutchens, Eric T. Koepfler, and James O. Luken. 2010. Local-scale characteristics of high marsh communities next to developed and undeveloped shorelines in an ocean-dominated estuary, Murrells Inlet, SC. Aquatic Sciences 72: 309–324. doi:10.1007/s00027-010-0137-8.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Zimmer, M., S. C. Pennings, T. Buck, and T. Carefoot. 2002. Species‐specific patterns of litter processing by terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in high intertidal salt marshes and coastal forests. Functional Ecology 16:596–607.