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Antimalarial Use of Malagasy Plants Is Poorly Correlated with Performance in Antimalarial Bioassays

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Abstract

Bioassay screening of plant extracts can identify unique lead compounds for drug development, but the “hit rate” from random screening is very low. Targeted screening of medicinal plants has been repeatedly reported to increase the percentage of samples displaying bioactivity. Contrarily, Maranz (2012) suggested that African antimalarial plants were unsuitable sources of antimalarial drugs because high prevalence of malaria would result in rapid evolution of resistance to active compounds that directly targeted the parasite. As malaria is highly prevalent in much of Madagascar, it was of interest to determine whether Malagasy antimalarial plants would outperform randomly selected plants in conventional antimalarial assays being conducted as part of a discovery program. Of 1294 plant samples screened for antimalarial activity, 39.6% had an IC50 <50 μg/ml and 21.1% had an IC50 <20 μg/ml (the minimum to qualify as a first-pass “hit”). Ethnobotanical uses were coded at both the generic and the species level, as neither samples nor use reports in literature were always identifiable to species level. The 526 samples belonging to genera having reported uses for malaria were slightly more likely than average to display activity (44.3% with IC50 <50 μg/ml, p < .01; 23.2% with IC50 <20 μg/ml). Of these, 67 samples from individual species with documented use were still more likely to be modestly active (49.3% with IC50 <50 μg/ml), yet less likely to be highly active (17.9% with IC50 <20 μg/ml). Thus, in this specific context, ethnobotanically directed screening would not have substantially improved screening efficiency and would have missed most of the potential hits.

L’utilization en tant qu’antimalariale des plantes Malagasy est. faiblement corrélée avec les résultats des tests d’évaluation de l’activité antimalariale

Le criblage d’extraits de plantes par des tests biologiques peut conduire à l’identification de composés de base pour le développement de médicaments, mais le taux de succès en ayant recours au screening au hasard est. très faible. Selon plusieurs rapports, le criblage ciblé de plantes médicinales augmente le pourcentage d’échantillons montrant des activités biologiques. Toutefois, Maranz (2012) a suggéré que les plantes antimalariales africaines ne sont pas des sources appropriées de médicaments antimalariques parce que la prévalence élevée de la malaria serait plutôt imputable à une évolution rapide de la résistance aux composés actifs qui ciblent directement le parasite. Comme la prévalence de la malaria reste très élevée dans la majeure partie de Madagascar, il s’est. avéré intéressant de vérifier si les « plantes antimalariales Malgaches » sont plus performantes que les plantes sélectionnées au hasard à travers des tests d’activité antimalariale conventionnels, menés dans le cadre d’un programme de découverte de médicaments. Sur les 1294 échantillons de plantes soumis au test d’activité antimalariale, 39,6% avaient une CI50 < 50 μg/ml et 21,1% avaient une CI50 < 20 μg/ml (le minimum de performance requis à l’issu d’un premier test). Les utilisations ethnobotaniques ont été codées à la fois au niveau du genre et au niveau de l’espèce, car ni les échantillons, ni les utilisations rapportées dans la littérature n’étaient pas toujours identifiables au niveau de l’espèce. Les 526 échantillons utilisés contre la malaria ont une chance légèrement supérieure à la moyenne d’avoir une activité (44,3% avec CI50 < 50 μg/ml, p < .01; 23,2% avec CI50 < 20 μg/ml). Parmi eux, 67 échantillons d’espèces individuelles avec des utilisations documentées ne sont que modérément actifs (49,3% avec CI50 < 50 μg/ml), et ont peu de chance d’être fortement actifs (17,9% avec CI50 < 20 μg/ml). Ainsi, dans ce contexte spécifique, le criblage guidé par une approche ethnobotanique n’a pas amélioré de manière significative la force du criblage, et aurait passé sous silence l’existence de bon nombre de composés potentiellement intéressants.

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Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the Fogarty International Center, the National Cancer Institute, the National Science Foundation, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Office of Dietary Supplements, and the Office of the Director of NIH, under Cooperative Agreement U01 TW000313 with the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups. This project was also supported by the National Research Initiative of the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, USDA, Grant #2008-35621-04732. Funds for the plant collection and extraction were provided by Dow AgroSciences and Eisai Inc. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The contributions of Dr. Etienne Rakotobe, Director of CNARP before his retirement, are gratefully acknowledged. Field work essential for this project was conducted under a collaborative agreement between the Missouri Botanical Garden and the Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza and a multilateral agreement between the ICBG partners, including the Centre National d’Application des Recherche Pharmaceutique. We gratefully acknowledge courtesies extended by the Government of Madagascar (Ministère des Eaux et Forêts). We also thank Neil Crouch for informative discussion of published research and Robert Voeks and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.

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Applequist, W.L., Ratsimbason, M., Kuhlman, A. et al. Antimalarial Use of Malagasy Plants Is Poorly Correlated with Performance in Antimalarial Bioassays. Econ Bot 71, 75–82 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-017-9373-3

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