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The Suppression of Verticillium Wilt of Potato Using Corn as a Green Manure Crop

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Abstract

Field studies involving the effects of growing sweet corn (Zea mays var. Jubilee sweet corn and var. Jubilee super-sweet corn) as a green manure for 2 or 3 seasons demonstrated both suppression of verticillium wilt by 60–70% (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) and increased potato yields. Although these treatments showed no direct effect on V. dahliae soil populations, the colonization of V. dahliae on potato feeder-roots and in potato tissue of stem apices were reduced. Feeder-root colonization by V. dahliae was positively correlated with verticillium wilt incidence (P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.01) and negatively correlated with yield (P ≤ 0.05). Corn green manures additionally increased populations of several soilborne fungi which included Ulocladium, and Fusarium equiseti. Specific nutritional and microbial effects were secondary to the effects of cropping practices. When compared with the fallow treatments for 1994, 1995, and 1997, the percentage yield increases for 1994 were: +34% for total yield, +57% for U.S. #1’s, and +127% for tubers >280 g; for 1995 (a year of reduced degree-days and decreased verticillium incidence): +14% for total yields, +15% for U.S. #1 yields, and +21% for tubers >280 g; for 1997: +24% for yield totals, +74% for U.S. #1’s and +179% for tubers >280 g. For establishing these yield benefits, stalks with and without ears of corn were used as green manures. Corn varieties differed for effectiveness as a green manure, which could be accounted for by differences of biomass. When compared with the super-sweet corn, the sweet corn produced an increase (>2-fold) of biomass with less than half of the resulting wilt incidence. When potato was grown consecutively for 2 years, the benefits from green manures became mostly eliminated. However, following 2 consecutive years of potato, a single green manure of sweet corn was sufficient to return the potato crop to the original benefits of verticillium suppression and increased yields. This occurred even though soilborne V. dahliae inoculum levels had increased by >4-fold from 45 to 182 cfu g−1 of soil. Results of this study demonstrate the importance of green manures and soil-ecology to the management of the Russet Burbank potato.

Resumen

Estudios de campo que involucraron los efectos del cultivo de maíz dulce (Zea mays var. de maíz dulce Jubilee y de super-dulce Jubilee) como abono verde por dos o tres ciclos de cultivo, demostraron tanto supresión de la marchitez por Verticillium de 60 a 70% (Verticillium dahliae Kleb) como aumento en los rendimientos de papa. Aún cuando estos tratamientos no mostraron efecto directo en las poblaciones del suelo de V. dahliae, se redujo la colonización de V. dahliae en las raíces alimenticias de papa y en los tejidos del ápice del tallo de la papa. La colonización de las raíces alimenticias por V. dahliae se correlacionó positivamente con la incidencia de la marchitez por Verticillium (P ≤ 0.05 a P ≤ 0.01) y negativamente con el rendimiento (P ≤ 0.05). Los abonos verdes de maíz adicionalmente aumentaron las poblaciones de varios hongos del suelo que incluían a Ulocladium y Fusarium equiseti. Los efectos específicos nutricionales y microbianos fueron secundarios a los efectos de las prácticas de cultivo. Cuando se compararon con los tratamientos de rastreo de 1994, 1995, y 1997, los porcentajes de incremento en los rendimientos para 1994 fueron; +34% de rendimiento total, +57% para U.S. #1’s, y de +127% para tubérculos >280 g; para 1995 (un año de días-grado reducidos y disminución de incidencia de Verticillium); +14% para rendimiento total, +15% para rendimiento U.S.#1, y 21% para tubérculos >280 g; para 1997; +24% para rendimiento total, +74% para U.S.#1 y 179% para tubérculos >280 g. Para el establecimiento de estos beneficios en el rendimiento, se usaron como abono verde tallos de maíz con y sin espigas. Las variedades de maíz difirieron en su efectividad como abono verde, lo cual pudo atribuirse a las diferencias en biomasa. Cuando se compararon con el maíz super-dulce, el maíz produjo un aumento (>2 veces) de biomasa con menos de la mitad de la incidencia resultante de la marchitez. Cuando la papa se sembró por dos años consecutivos, se eliminaron la mayoría de los beneficios del abono verde. No obstante, después de dos años consecutivos con papa, uno solo de abono verde con maíz dulce fue suficiente para regresarle al cultivo de papa los beneficios originales de la supresión de Verticillium y de aumento en rendimiento. Esto se presentó aún cuando los niveles del inóculo del suelo de V. dahliae habían aumentado >4 veces de 45 a 182 ufc (unidades formadoras de colonias) g−1 de suelo. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran la importancia de los abonos verdes y la ecología del suelo para el manejo de la papa Russet Burbank.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Idaho Experiment Station and Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, Idaho Potato Commission, and a special grants program of the USDA-ARS for funding.

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Correspondence to Dale O. Everson.

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Davis, J.R., Huisman, O.C., Everson, D.O. et al. The Suppression of Verticillium Wilt of Potato Using Corn as a Green Manure Crop. Am. J. Pot Res 87, 195–208 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-010-9126-7

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