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Differentiation of Diploid and Triploid Taxa within Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma (Asteraceae) from the Pannonian Region

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Abstract

Six taxa of the genus Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma were analyzed morphometrically using multivariate methods. A total of 391 specimens from Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic and Austria were studied. This study aimed to explore if leaf shape can be used to differentiate diploids and triploids, to verify if triploid microspecies deserve separate taxonomic status, and if the diploid plants can be divided into phenotype groups. The analysis of leaf-shape variability revealed no notable difference between diploid and triploid plants. The analysis of the triploid microspecies T. cristatum, T. danubium, T. parnassicum, T. princeps and T. proximum s.l. resulted in their differentiation into separate groups. For differentiation, the characters with a higher determination value were employed, especially the shape of a terminal leaf lobe, the position of outer bracts, the number of lateral lobes and their termination. Analyzing a very variable diploid species T. erythrospermum enabled the definition of four basic phenotypes based on leaf shape. The phenotypes differed in leaf size and shape in relation to environmental factors such as intensity of light, nutrients, moisture, or disturbance. In conclusion, to evaluate the taxonomic status of particular taxa within Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma it is inevitable to understand the complex leaf-shape variability, being a result of both genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity.

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Acknowledgements

Support for this research was provided by the Grant Agency for Science, Bratislava (VEGA no. 2/0026/09).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic, Administration of National Park Slovak Karst, Hamossiho 188, 049 51, Brzotín, Slovakia

    Robert Šuvada

  2. Institute of Biology & Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia

    Pavol Mártonfi

  3. Botanical Garden, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia

    Lenka Mártonfiová

Authors
  1. Robert Šuvada
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  2. Pavol Mártonfi
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  3. Lenka Mártonfiová
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Šuvada.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

The list of sampled localities. Locality number, country, locality description, geographic coordinates (WGS84), altitude, date of collection, the occurring species, name of collector, chromosome number (2n=) or DNA ploidy level (2n~), name(s) of author(s) of the chromosome counts or DNA ploidy level measurements, and codes of herbarium specimens used in morphometric analyses are given. Abbreviations of collectors, authors of the chromosome counts or DNA ploidy level measurements: RS – R. Šuvada, PM – P. Mártonfi, LM – L. Mártonfiová.

L001 – Slovakia, Devínska Nová Ves, the edge of a tourist path in part Sandberg; 48°12′04.52″ N, 16°58′26.83″ E; 194 m; 12 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1122, H1123, H1124, H1125, H1126, H1127, H1128, T543, T544, T545, T546, T547, T548.

L002 – Slovakia, Devín, a grassy vegetation in the natural preserve Devínska Kobyla; 48°11′40.82″ N, 16°59′01.97″ E; 328 m; 12 Apr 2008; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1130, H1131, H1132, H1133, H1134, H1135, H1136, H1140, T529, T534, T542; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1139, T527, T530, T532, T533; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; H1294.

L007 – Slovakia, Chotín, the edge of a parking lot before the village in its west part; 47°48′39.25″ N, 18°12′52.26″ E; 109 m; 12 Apr 2008; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1091, H1095, T509.

L008 – Slovakia, Kamenica nad Hronom, a xerothermous hillside 500 m north of the village; 47°49′56.39″ N, 18°44′26.01″ E; 230 m; 13 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1103, H1104, H1105, H1106, H1107.

L009 – Slovakia, Kováčov, Kováčovské kopce, a xerothermous vegetation 150 m west of a medical institution; 47°49′27.36″ N, 18°46′35.92″ E; 194 m; 14 Apr 2007, 13 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1071, H1072, H1073, H1074, H1075, H1076, H1077, H1078, H1079, H1080, T513, T514, T515; Taraxacum proximum s.l.: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1082, H1084, H1085, H1086, H1087, H1088, H1089, H1090.

L013 – Slovakia, Šiatorská Bukovinka, the edge of a tourist path leading to castle Šomoška; 48°10′18.17″ N, 19°51′26.96″ E; 472 m; 22 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1174, H1175, T607, T608, T609, T610.

L014 – Slovakia, Šurice, along a path to hill Soví hrad; 48°13′33.54″ N, 19°54′48.39″ E; 270 m; 22 Apr 2008; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1169, H1170, T612; Taraxacum princeps: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1173, T611, T613, T614, T615.

L015 – Slovakia, Hrušovo, a pasture near a stone quarry; 48°30′22.85″ N, 20°03′19.87″ E; 246 m; 4 Apr 2008; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; T629, T633; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1188, H1189, H1319, H1320, T628, T630.

L017 – Hungary, Sirok, surroundings of a road leading to the ruins of castle Siroki-vár; 47°56′21.25″ N, 20°11′45.08″ E; 262 m; 21 Apr 2008; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1178, T601.

L018 – Hungary, Verpelét, along a field path on the edge of crater Várhegy; 47°51′35.67″ N, 20°12′27.19″ E; 157 m; 21.4.2008; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1209, H1210, H1211, T605, T606.

L019 – Hungary, Járdanháza, loess hills 200 m east of the village; 48°10′50.70″ N, 20°15′43.00″ E; 224 m; 21 Apr 2008; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1220, T594; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; H1222.

L024 – Hungary, Balaton, a pasture 2 km northwest of the village; 48°06′27.43″ N, 20°16′57.25″ E; 414 m; 21 Apr 2008; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; T596; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; H1205, H1206, H1208; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; H1207.

L025 – Hungary, Szárvaskó, the edge of a tourist path leading to the castle ruins; 47°59′24.72″ N, 20°19′49.42″ E; 260 m; 21 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; H1179.

L026 – Hungary, Szárvaskó, the ruins of castle Szárvaskói-vár; 47°59′24.98″ N, 20°19′43.07″ E; 251 m; 21 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; H1180.

L027 – Slovakia, Štítnik, the edge of plain on the hill Železné vráta; 48°38′20.76″ N, 20°24′00.49″ E; 689 m; 9 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1115, H1118, H1119, H1120, H1121, T506.

L030 – Slovakia, Kunova Teplica, the edge of plain 200 m west of the hill Dubník; 48°35′39.05″ N, 20°23′42.27″ E; 506 m; 9 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1050, H1111, H1112, H1113, H1114, H1116, H1117, T503, T504, T505.

L032 – Slovakia, Pašková, Plešivská planina, a xerothermous grassy vegetation in a hillside above the village; 48°33′47.90″ N, 20°24′26.88″ E; 472 m; 16 Apr 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1014, T169, T170.

L034 – Slovakia, Vidová, Plešivská planina, xerothermous grassy vegetations in Plešivské stráne; 48°33′44.72″ N, 20°25′48.35″ E; 431 m; 20 Mar 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1036, H1039, H1040, H1041, H1042, H1043, H1044, H1045, H1046, H1048, H1049, T214, T216, T217, T218, T219.

L037 – Slovakia, Silická Brezová, a grassy vegetation near the abandoned stone quarry; 48°31′51.43″ N, 20°28′37.00″ E; 467 m; 8 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T500, T501, T502.

L039 – Slovakia, Slavec, a cut terrace in the natural preserve Brzotínske skaly; 48°35′52.83″ N, 20°29′30.39″ E; 581 m; 15 Mar 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T145.

L041 – Hungary, Aggtelek, rocks in eastern parts of the village; 48°28′08.89″ N, 20°30′43.25″ E; 346 m; 20 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1231, H1232, H1237, T579; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1230, H1233, H1234, H1235, H1236, H1238, T576, T577, T578.

L044 – Hungary, Jósvafő, a field path leading north from the village; 48°29′10.59″ N, 20°33′07.62″ E; 239 m; 20 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1183, T582.

L047 – Slovakia, Krásnohorské Podhradie, hrad Krásna Hôrka, a grassy hillside below the castle above the path leading to the castle; 48°39′28.81″ N, 20°36′05.17″ E; 268 m; 25 Apr 2008; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n = 3x = 24, det. PM & LM; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1168, T329, T622, T624; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1004, H1165, H1166, T618, T619, T620, T621, T623.

L048 – Hungary, Szinpétri, an overgrowing pasture along a field path leading northwest from the village centre; 48°29’13.70″ N, 20°37’31.88″ E; 207 m; 20 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; T583.

L050 – Hungary, Szin, a pasture 200 m west of the village; 48°29′38.28″ N, 20°38′56.16″ E; 184 m; 20 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1212, H1214, T587.

L052 – Hungary, Szőgliget, a grassy vegetation and the edge of a road near the stone quarry 300 m north of the village; 48°31′51.82″ N, 20°40′12.01″ E; 198 m; 20 Apr 2008; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1215, H1217, H1219.

L053 – Slovakia, Drnava, a xerothermous vegetation 200 m southeast of the spot height Drieňovec; 48°38′18.60″ N, 20°40′59.08″ E; 744 m; 14 Apr 2009; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1269, H1276, H1279, H1280.

L055 – Hungary, Szendrő, a xerothermous vegetation above the graveyard in the village; 48°24′46.19″ N, 20°43′46.79″ E; 146 m; 20 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1223, H1224, H1225, T593.

L057 – Slovakia, Hrhov, a xerothermous grassy vegetation and pine forest in the surroundings of the hill Okrúhle; 48°36′41.51″ N, 20°47′09.45″ E; 342 m; 19 Apr 2007; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; T463; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n = 2x = 16, det. PM & LM; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T440, T443, T469, T472, T473, T476, T480, T489, T495; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n = 3x = 24, det. PM & LM; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; T438, T439, T467.

L058 – Slovakia, Zádielske Dvorníky, a xerothermous grassy vegetation in the natural preserve Zemné hradisko; 48°36′13.09″ N, 20°48′57.12″ E; 245 m; 19 Apr 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n = 2x = 16, det. PM & LM; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1109, H1110, H1289, H1290, H1291, H1292, T481, T482, T483, T484, T486.

L059 – Slovakia, Háj, a grassy vegetation on the borders of the plain Zádielská planina; 48°38′32.55″ N, 20°49′09.43″ E; 708 m; 21 Mar 2007, 24 Apr 2009; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T250, T255, T258, T268; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; H1307, H1308, H1309, H1310, H1316, H1317.

L061 – Slovakia, Zádiel, a xerothermous grassy vegetation on the hill Strážne; 48°36′28.69″ N, 20°50′21.48″ E; 244 m; 21 Mar 2007, 12 Apr 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n = 2x = 16, det. PM & LM; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T232, T233, T235, T236, T239, T240, T241, T242, T243, T244, T246, T247, T248, T373.

L062 – Slovakia, Hosťovce, a xerothermous grassy vegetation on the west edge of the stone quarry; 48°35′00.38″ N, 20°50′36.12″ E; 306 m; 10 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n = 2x = 16, det. PM & LM; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1051, H1052, H1053, H1054, H1055, H1056, H1057, H1058, H1059, H1060, H1061, H1062, H1063, H1064, H1065, H1066, H1067, T333, T334, T336, T337, T338, T339, T345, T511, T520, T522.

L065 – Slovakia, Turňa nad Bodvou, a grassy vegetation in the natural preserve Turniansky hradný vrch; 48°36′39.09″ N, 20°52′19.75″ E; 306 m; 22 Apr 2006; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1283, H1284, H1285, H1286, H1287, H1288.

L067 – Slovakia, Drienovec, a grassy vegetation below Tvarohová skala 2 km northwest of the village; 48°37′22.18″ N, 20°54′40.22″ E; 288 m; 19 Apr 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T456, T460.

L069 – Hungary, Boldogkőváralja, surroundings of the castle Boldogkő-vár; 48°20′44.56″ N, 21°13′56.13″ E; 236 m; 19 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1255, H1256, H1257, H1258, H1259, H1260, H1261, H1262, T570, T571, T572.

L070 – Hungary, Fony, a grassy vegetation along the main road in the village; 48°23′35.51″ N, 21°17′19.39″ E; 267 m; 19 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1248, H1249, H1250, H1251, H1252, H1253, H1254, T573, T574, T575.

L071 – Hungary, Sárospatak, a xerotermous grassy vegetation 500 m west of the town near the stone quarry; 48°19′32.05″ N, 21°32′44.27″ E; 120 m; 19 Apr 2008; Taraxacum proximum s.l.: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1226, H1227, H1228, H1229, T567.

L072 – Slovakia, Malá Tŕňa, an overgrowing grassy vegetation in the surroundings of the spot height Šimonov vrch; 48°26′52.71″ N, 21°41′54.84″ E; 314 m; 18 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1239, H1240, H1241, H1242, H1243, H1244, H1245, H1246, H1247, T563, T564, T565.

L073 – Slovakia, Veľká Bara, a grassy vegetation on top of the hill Piliš near the transmitter; 48°25′42.86″ N, 21°42′35.21″ E; 265 m; 6 Apr 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T290.

L074 – Slovakia, Malá Bara, the edge of a field path and a pasture 400 m south of the village; 48°24′56.98″ N, 21°43′32.41″ E; 170 m; 18 Apr 2008; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1142, H1143, H1147, H1148, T552, T553, T554; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1146, H1149, T555, T559, T560, T561.

L075 – Slovakia, Ladmovce, a thermophilic grassy-herbaceous vegetation in the locality Kašvár 300 m west of the village; 48°24′54.78″ N, 21°46′24.37″ E; 169 m; 6 Apr 2007; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; T305.

L076 – Slovakia, Streda nad Bodrogom, the edge of a road on a northwest slope of the spot height Tarbucka 1 km east of the village; 48°22′19.55″ N, 21°47′01.08″ E; 170 m; 18 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1152, H1153, H1154, H1156, H1157, H1158, H1159, H1161, H1162, H1163.

L078 – Slovakia, Veľký Kamenec, surroundings of the castle ruins in the village; 48°21′31.60″ N, 21°48′28.17″ E; 111 m; 18 Apr 2008; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1192, H1193, H1194, H1195, H1196, H1197, H1198, H1199, H1200, H1201, H1202, T550.

L079 – Hungary, Nagykovácsi, a grassy vegetation in the surroundings of the tourist path on the hill Nagy-Szenás; 47°35′27.31″ N, 18°52′28.18″ E; 525 m; 2 May 2009; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1281; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1315.

L080 – Hungary, Kertváros, Kis-strázsa hegy; a grassy vegetation in the abandoned stone quarry, 100 m east of the road leading to the town Esztergom; 47°45′00.16″ N, 18°44′22.17″ E; 159 m; 2 May 2009; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1321, H1322, H1323, H1324, H1325, H1326.

L081 – Hungary, Kesztőlc, the road leading along the margin of a vineyard cca 1 km north of the village; 47°43′31.76″ N, 18°47′13.06″ E; 257 m; 2 May 2009; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1277, H1278, H1282.

L084 – Hungary, Várgesztes, the edge of a road 500 m north of the village; 47°28′52.73″ N, 18°23′28.46″ E; 260 m; 3 May 2009; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1266, H1328, H1329, H1330; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; H1266; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1313, H1314.

L090 – Czech Republic, Klentnice, Stolová hora, along a tourist path; 48°50′19.78″ N, 16°38′16.63″ E; 423 m; 5 May 2009; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1267; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1297, H1298, H1302.

L091 – Czech Republic, Klentnice, Sirotčí hrádek, in surroundings of castle ruins; 48°50′42.21″ N, 16°38′26.31″ E; 412 m; 5 May 2009; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1293.

L092 – Czech Republic, Pavlov, Děvín, a grassy vegetation along a tourist path; 48°51′52.64″ N, 16°38′36.38″ E; 418 m; 5 May 2009; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1265; Taraxacum danubium: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1327; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1263, H1264, H1265, H1268, H1273, H1275; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1296, H1299, H1300, H1301, H1303, H1304, H1318.

L096 – Czech Republic, Dolní Dunajovice, Dunajovické kopce, a road in a vineyard; 48°50′31.12″ N, 16°33′58.35″ E; 234 m; 6 May 2009; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1331, H1332, H1333.

L097 – Czech Republic, Kravsko, surroundings of a path in a forest park near a manner house; 48°55′11.95″ N, 15°59′08.41″ E; 334 m; 6 May 2009; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1295, H1305, H1306.

L099 – Austria, Hainburg an der Donau, a grassy-herbaceous vegetation near a parking lot on top of hills Hainburgské kopce; 48°09′12.81″ N, 16°57′27.97″ E; 328 m; 7 May 2009; Taraxacum cristatum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1334, H1335, H1336, H1337; Taraxacum erythrospermum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 2x ~ 16, det. PM & LM; H1270, H1271, H1272, H1274.

L100 – Austria, Neue Siedlung, a field path leading beneath the xerotherm above the village; 48°07′16.75″ N, 16°55′51.12″ E; 234 m; 7 May 2009; Taraxacum parnassicum: coll. RS; 2n ~ 3x ~ 24, det. PM & LM; H1311.

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Šuvada, R., Mártonfi, P. & Mártonfiová, L. Differentiation of Diploid and Triploid Taxa within Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma (Asteraceae) from the Pannonian Region. Folia Geobot 47, 69–91 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-011-9109-6

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