Abstract
Drug resistance has now become a serious concern in the domain of microbial infection. Bacteria are becoming smarter by displaying a variety of mechanisms during drug resistance. It is not only helping bacteria to adapt nicely in adverse environment but it also makes a smart system for better availability of nutritional status for microorganisms. In this domain, pathogenic bacteria are extensively studied and their mechanism for drug resistance is well explored. The common modes in bacterial resistance include degradation of antibiotics by enzymes, antibiotic target modification or inactivation by enzymatic actions, complete replacement of antibiotic targets, quorum sensing (QS) mechanism, and efflux pump-based extrusion of antibiotics. In this review, various mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria have been highlighted with giving the importance of efflux pumps. This can be explored as a knowledge source for the management of a variety of bacterial infections, related disease and vibrant clue for next-generation drug development.
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adapted from Brandt et al. (2017)
adapted from Wright (2005)
adapted from Mahizan et al. (2019)
adapted from Giedraitienė et al. (2011)
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The authors are grateful to MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, for facility support.
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Initiation of idea for the article, literature search, designing of figures and manuscript writing (original draft preparation) were done by Harshita Mohanty. Knowledge sharing and assistance in understanding the concept were contributed by Samir Pachpute. Idea shaping, mentoring and critical revision were performed by Raman P. Yadav. Editing and formatting were done by Harshita Mohanty and Raman P. Yadav. All the authors have thoroughly read and approved the final manuscript.
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Mohanty, H., Pachpute, S. & Yadav, R.P. Mechanism of drug resistance in bacteria: efflux pump modulation for designing of new antibiotic enhancers. Folia Microbiol 66, 727–739 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00910-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00910-z