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Experimental Investigations of Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Bio-synthesized CuO/Ramie Fiber-Based Hybrid Biocomposite

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Abstract

The utilization of biosynthesis in the production of copper oxide nanoparticles from ‘Urtica Dioica’ (UD) leaves is gaining increasing global popularity due to its sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective nature. In this study, copper nitrate served as the precursor for obtaining the copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. The focus of the research was on the development of bio-epoxy and a hybrid bio-epoxy/Ramie fiber-based laminate with the incorporation of copper oxide nanoparticles. To create the bio-epoxy-based organic fiber materials, the hand-layup molding process was adapted, with different quantities of nanoCuO particles (ranging from 0 to 7.5 wt%) being added. The study comprehensively examined the mechanical, physical, and thermal effects of incorporating fibers of a uniform 30 mm size into the green epoxy laminate. The characterization of the produced CuO nanoparticles was conducted through various analytical techniques, including UV spectroscopy (UVS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Notably, the absorption peaks at 234 and 362 nm were attributed to the inter-band transitions of the core electrons within the copper metal present in CuO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the XRD pattern indicated an average crystallite size of the synthesized nanoparticles at 7.34 nm, while the strong bands in the FTIR spectrum at 916, 797, and 743 cm–1 provided evidence of phenolic and alcoholic compounds within the leaf extract. Mechanical testing revealed significant improvements in the tensile strength (72 MPa to 167 MPa), bending strength (26.41 MPa to 56.18 MPa), hardness (27.82 to 34.1 Barcol), and Izod impact strength (3.86 kJ/m2 to 12.01 kJ/m2) characteristics of all integrated hybrid fibers with the inclusion of nanopowder up to 4.5 wt%. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the fiber were enhanced, and the temperature-dependent behaviors of the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor (tan δ) showed favorable changes. This enhanced stiffness and durability within the fiber series can be attributed to their improved load-bearing and stress-distribution capabilities within the biocomposites. Furthermore, the effective dispersion and strong matrix/nanoCuO/ramie fiber adhesion contributed to the creation of a robust structure, resulting in improved mechanical and temperature-dependent properties and ultimately addressing the thermal performance issues associated with Ramie fibers.

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Data and Code Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article. Should further data or information be required, these are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering (SIMATS), Tamil Nadu, India for the technical assistance.

Funding

No funding was received for this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 602105, India

    G. Velmurugan & M. Nagaraj

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Tamil Nadu, Krishnankoil, 626126, India

    S. Suresh Kumar

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan Mohali, Chandigarh, 140413, India

    Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Tamil Nadu, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, India

    A. John Presin Kumar

  5. Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641105, India

    T. Manikandan

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, OMR, Chennai, 600119, India

    D. Elil Raja

  7. Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, Thanjavur, 613402, India

    K. Saranya

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Av. José Pedro Alessandri, 1242, Santiago, Chile

    Praveen Barmavatu

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  1. G. Velmurugan
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  2. S. Suresh Kumar
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  3. Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
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  4. A. John Presin Kumar
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  7. K. Saranya
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Contributions

GV and SSK: conceptualization and methodology. JSC, TM, and AJPK: experimental design. DER and KS: investigation. MN and PB: testing and evaluations.

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Correspondence to G. Velmurugan.

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Velmurugan, G., Kumar, S.S., Chohan, J.S. et al. Experimental Investigations of Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Bio-synthesized CuO/Ramie Fiber-Based Hybrid Biocomposite. Fibers Polym 25, 587–606 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-023-00432-0

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