Abstract
The theory of Hardy spaces over \({\mathbb {R}}^n\), originated by C. Fefferman and Stein [1], was generalized several decades ago to the case of subsets of \({\mathbb {R}}^n\). The pioneering work of generalization was done by Jonsson, Sjögren, and Wallin [2] for the case of suitable closed subsets and by Miyachi [3] for the case of proper open subsets. In this article, we study Hardy spaces on proper open \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^n\), where \(\Omega \) satisfies a doubling condition and \(|\Omega |=\infty \). We first establish a variant of the Calderón–Zygmund decomposition, and then explore the relationship among Hardy spaces by means of atomic decomposition, radial maximal function, and grand maximal function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fefferman, C., Stein, E.M.: \(H^p\) spaces of several variables. Acta Math. 129, 137–193 (1972)
Jonsson, A., Sjögren, P., Wallin, H.: Hardy and Lipschitz spaces on subsets of \({\mathbb{R} }^n\). Studia Math. 80, 141–166 (1984)
Miyachi, A.: \(H^p\) spaces over open subsets of \({\mathbb{R} }^n\). Studia Math. 95, 205–228 (1990)
Coifman, R.R., Weiss, G.: Extensions of Hardy spaces and their use in analysis. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 83, 569–645 (1977)
García-Cuerva, J.: Weighted \(H^p\) spaces. Dissertationes Math. 162, 1–63 (1979)
Tolsa, X.: \(BMO\), \(H^1\), and Calderón-Zygmund operators for non doubling measures. Math. Ann. 319, 89–149 (2001)
Dziubański, J., Zienkiewicz, J.: The Hardy space \(H^1\) for Schrödinger operator with certain potentials. Studia Math. 164, 39–53 (2004)
Mauceri, G., Meda, S.: \(BMO\) and \(H^1\) for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator. J. Funct. Anal. 252, 278–313 (2007)
Hofmann, S., Mayboroda, S.: Hardy and \(BMO\) spaces associated to divergence form elliptic operators. Math. Ann. 344, 37–116 (2009)
Duong, X.T., Li, J.: Hardy spaces associated to operators satisfying Davies-Gaffney estimates and bounded holomorphic functional calculus. J. Funct. Anal. 264, 1409–1437 (2013)
Duong, X.T., Yan, L.: Duality of Hardy and BMO spaces associated with operators with heat kernel bounds. J. Amer. Math. Soc. 18, 943–973 (2005)
Jiang, R., Yang, D.: New Orlicz-Hardy spaces associated with divergence form elliptic operators. J. Funct. Anal. 258, 1167–1224 (2010)
Coifman, R.R.: A real variable characterization of \(H^p\). Studia Math. 5(1), 269–274 (1974)
Latter, R.H.: A characterization of \(H^p({\mathbb{R} }^n)\) in terms of atoms. Studia Math. 62, 93–101 (1978)
Chang, D.-C., Krantz, S.G., Stein, E.M.: \(H^p\) theory on a smooth domain in \({\mathbb{R} }^n\) and elliptic boundary value problems. J. Funct. Anal. 114, 286–347 (1993)
Chang, D.-C., Dafni, G., Stein, E.M.: Hardy spaces, BMO, and boundary value problems for the Laplacian on a smooth domain in \({\mathbb{R} }^n\). Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 351, 1605–1661 (1999)
Auscher, P., Russ, E.: Hardy spaces and divergence operators on strongly Lipschitz domains of \({\mathbb{R} }^n\). J. Funct. Anal. 201, 148–184 (2003)
Bui, T.A., Duong, X.T., Ly, F.K.: Maximal function characterizations for Hardy spaces on spaces of homogeneous type with finite measure and applications. J. Funct. Anal. 278(8), 108423 (2020)
Stein, E.M.: Harmonic Analysis: Real-Variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ (1993)
Grafakos, L.: Classical and Modern Fourier Analysis. Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ (2004)
Duistermaat, J.J., Kolk, J.A.C.: Distributions. Theory and applications. Translated from the Dutch by J. P. van Braam Houckgeest. Cornerstones. Birkhauser Boston Inc, Boston, MA (2010)
Macías, R.A., Segovia, C.: A decomposition into atoms of distributions on spaces of homogeneous type. Adv. in Math. 33, 271–309 (1979)
Lu, S.: Four Lectures on Real \(H^p\) spaces. World scientific, Singapore (1995)
DiBenedetto, E.: Real Analysis, Birkhäuser Advanced Texts Basler Lehrbücher., 2nd edn. Springer, New York (2016)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to referees for their very careful reading, valuable comments, and helpful suggestions, which made the paper more accurate and readable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The authors were supported by National Science and Technology Council, R.O.C. under grant numbers #NSTC 112-2115-M-008-001-MY2, #MOST 109-2115-M-008-002-MY3, and #MOST 110-2811-M-008-517, respectively, as well as supported by National Center for Theoretical Sciences of R.O.C.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, MY., Lin, CC. & Ooi, K.H. Hardy Spaces on Open Subsets of \(\mathbb {R}^n\). J Geom Anal 34, 20 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12220-023-01468-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12220-023-01468-7