Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs), with atomically dispersed metal atoms anchored on a typical support, representing the utmost utilization efficiency of the atoms, have recently emerged as promising catalysts for a variety of catalytic applications. The electronic properties of the active center of SACs are highly dependent on the local environment constituted by the single metal atom and its surrounding coordination elements. Therefore, engineering the coordination environment near single metal sites, from the first coordination shell to the second shell or higher, would be a rational way to design efficient SACs with optimized electronic structure for catalytic applications. The wide range of coordination configurations, guaranteed by the multiple choices of the type and heterogeneity of the coordination element (N, O, P, S, etc.), further offer a large opportunity to rationally design SACs for satisfactory activities and investigate the structure–performance relationship. In this review, the coordination engineering of SACs by varying the type of coordination element was elaborated and the photocatalytic water splitting of SACs was highlighted. Finally, challenging issues related to the coordination engineering of SACs and their photocatalytic applications were discussed to call for more efforts devoted to the further development of single-atom catalysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jin X, Wang R, Zhang L et al (2020) Electron configuration modulation of nickel single atoms for elevated photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59:6827–6831
Ling C, Niu X, Li Q et al (2018) Metal-free single atom catalyst for N2 fixation driven by visible light. J Am Chem Soc 140:14161–14168
Huang P, Huang J, Pantovich SA et al (2018) Selective CO2 reduction catalyzed by single cobalt sites on carbon nitride under visible-light irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 140:16042–16047
Jiang XH, Zhang LS, Liu HY et al (2020) Silver single atom in carbon nitride catalyst for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59:23112–23116
Xia D, Liu H, Xu B et al (2019) Single Ag atom engineered 3D-MnO2 porous hollow microspheres for rapid photothermocatalytic inactivation of E. Coli under solar light. Appl Catal B: Environ 245:177–189
Chu C, Zhu Q, Pan Z et al (2020) Spatially separating redox centers on 2D carbon nitride with cobalt single atom for photocatalytic H2O2 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117:6376–6382
Zhou P, Li N, Chao Y et al (2019) Thermolysis of noble metal nanoparticles into electron-rich phosphorus-coordinated noble metal single atoms at low temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:14184–14188
Yan H, Su C, He J et al (2018) Single-atom catalysts and their applications in organic chemistry. J Mater Chem A 6:8793–8814
Yan H, Zhao X, Guo N et al (2018) Atomic engineering of high-density isolated Co atoms on graphene with proximal-atom controlled reaction selectivity. Nat Commun 9:3197
Sun T, Xu L, Wang D et al (2019) Metal organic frameworks derived single atom catalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Nano Res 12:2067–2080
Yang J, Li W, Wang D et al (2020) Electronic metal-support interaction of single-atom catalysts and applications in electrocatalysis. Adv Mater 32:2003300
Zhuang Z, Kang Q, Wang D et al (2020) Single-atom catalysis enables long-life, high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries. Nano Res 13:1856–1866
Teng Z, Cai W, Sim W et al (2021) Photoexcited single metal atom catalysts for heterogeneous photocatalytic H2O2 production: pragmatic guidelines for predicting charge separation. Appl Catal B: Environ 282:119589
Liu G, Zhou J, Zhao W et al (2020) Single atom catalytic oxidation mechanism of formaldehyde on Al doped graphene at room temperature. Chin Chem Lett 31(7):1966–1969
Wei ZX, Zhu YT, Liu JY et al (2021) Recent advance in single-atom catalysis. Rare Met 40:767–789
Yang J, Li W, Wang D et al (2020) Single-atom materials: small structures determine macroproperties. Small Struct 2:2000051
Xu Y, Chu M, Liu F et al (2020) Revealing the correlation between catalytic selectivity and the local coordination environment of Pt single atom. Nano Lett 20:6865–6872
Zhang J, Zhao Y, Chen C et al (2019) Tuning the coordination environment in single-atom catalysts to achieve highly efficient oxygen reduction reactions. J Am Chem Soc 141:20118–20126
Li X, Rong H, Zhang J et al (2020) Modulating the local coordination environment of single-atom catalysts for enhanced catalytic performance. Nano Res 13:1842–1855
Zhang L, Wang A, Wang W et al (2015) Co–N–C catalyst for C-C coupling reactions: on the catalytic performance and active sites. ACS Catal 5:6563–6572
Yang Z, Chen B, Chen W et al (2019) Directly transforming copper (I) oxide bulk into isolated single-atom copper sites catalyst through gas-transport approach. Nat Commun 10:3734
Liu W, Zhang L, Liu X et al (2017) Discriminating catalytically active FeNx species of atomically dispersed Fe–N–C catalyst for selective oxidation of the C-H bond. J Am Chem Soc 139:10790–10798
Yang Q, Yang CC, Lin CH et al (2019) Metal-organic-framework-derived hollow N-doped porous carbon with ultrahigh concentrations of single Zn atoms for efficient carbon dioxide conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:3511–3515
Zhang J, Zheng C, Zhang M et al (2020) Controlling N-doping type in carbon to boost single-atom site Cu catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of quinoline. Nano Res 13:3082–3087
Wang L, Zhang S, Zhu Y et al (2013) Catalysis and in situ studies of Rh1/Co3O4 nanorods in reduction of NO with H2. ACS Catal 3:1011–1019
Lang R, Li T, Matsumura D et al (2016) Hydroformylation of olefins by a rhodium single-atom catalyst with activity comparable to rhcl(PPh3)3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 55:16054–16058
Lin J, Wang A, Qiao B et al (2013) Remarkable performance of Ir1/FeOx single-atom catalyst in water gas shift reaction. J Am Chem Soc 135:15314–15317
Qiao B, Wang A, Yang X et al (2011) Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx. Nat Chem 3:634–641
Zhou P, Zhang Q, Xu Z et al (2020) Atomically dispersed Co-P3 on CdS nanorods with electron-rich feature boosts photocatalysis. Adv Mater 32:1904249
Li H, Wang L, Dai Y et al (2018) Synergetic interaction between neighbouring platinum monomers in CO2 hydrogenation. Nat Nanotechnol 13:411–417
Deng J, Li H, Xiao J et al (2015) Triggering the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of the inert two-dimensional MoS2 surface via single-atom metal doping. Energ Environ Sci 8:1594–1601
Yuan K, Lutzenkirchen-Hecht D, Li L et al (2020) Boosting oxygen reduction of single iron active sites via geometric and electronic engineering: nitrogen and phosphorus dual coordination. J Am Chem Soc 142:2404–2412
Shang H, Zhou X, Dong J et al (2020) Engineering unsymmetrically coordinated Cu-S1N3 single atom sites with enhanced oxygen reduction activity. Nat Commun 11:3049
Wang J, Huang Z, Liu W et al (2017) Design of N-coordinated dual-metal sites: a stable and active Pt-free catalyst for acidic oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc 139:17281–17284
Wang J, You R, Zhao C et al (2020) N-coordinated dual-metal single-site catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation. ACS Catal 10:2754–2761
Wang J, Liu W, Luo G et al (2018) Synergistic effect of well-defined dual sites boosting the oxygen reduction reaction. Energ Environ Sci 11:3375–3379
Wang G, Zhang T, Yu W et al (2020) Modulating location of single copper atoms in polymeric carbon nitride for enhanced photoredox catalysis. ACS Catal 10:5715–5722
Zuo Q, Liu T, Chen C et al (2019) Ultrathin metal-organic framework nanosheets with ultrahigh loading of single Pt atoms for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:10198–10203
Zhang L, Long R, Zhang Y et al (2020) Direct observation of dynamic bond evolution in single-atom Pt/C3N4 catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59:6224–6229
Yang J, Chen B, Liu X et al (2018) Efficient and robust hydrogen evolution: phosphorus nitride imide nanotubes as supports for anchoring single ruthenium sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 57:9495–9500
Li Z, Chen Y, Ji S et al (2020) Iridium single-atom catalyst on nitrogen-doped carbon for formic acid oxidation synthesized using a general host-guest strategy. Nat Chem 12:764–772
Han YH, Wang YG, Chen WX et al (2017) Hollow N-doped carbon spheres with isolated cobalt single atomic sites: superior electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. J Am Chem Soc 139:17269–17272
Jiang R, Li L, Sheng T et al (2018) Edge-site engineering of atomically dispersed Fe–N4 by selective C-N bond cleavage for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction activities. J Am Chem Soc 140:11594–11598
Sun T, Tian B, Lu J et al (2017) Recent advances in Fe (or Co)/N/C electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Mater Chem A 5:18933–18950
Xiong Y, Sun W, Han Y et al (2021) Cobalt single atom site catalysts with ultrahigh metal loading for enhanced aerobic oxidation of ethylbenzene. Nano Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3244-4
Li Y, Li B, Zhang D et al (2020) Crystalline carbon nitride supported copper single atoms for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with nearly 100% CO selectivity. ACS Nano 14:10552–10561
Li X, Zhao S, Duan X et al (2021) Coupling hydrothermal and photothermal single-atom catalysis toward excellent water splitting to hydrogen. Appl Catal B: Environ 283:119660
Zeng Z, Su Y, Quan X et al (2020) Single-atom platinum confined by the interlayer nanospace of carbon nitride for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 69:104409
Yang L, Cheng D, Xu H et al (2018) Unveiling the high-activity origin of single-atom iron catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115:6626–6631
Gu J, Hsu CS, Bai L et al (2019) Atomically dispersed Fe3+ sites catalyze efficient CO2 electroreduction to CO. Science 364:1091–1094
Zhang N, Zhou T, Chen M et al (2020) High-purity pyrrole-type FeN4 sites as a superior oxygen reduction electrocatalyst. Energ Environ Sci 13:111–118
Xu H, Cheng D, Cao D et al (2018) A universal principle for a rational design of single-atom electrocatalysts. Nat Catal 1:339–348
Lin S, Xu H, Wang Y et al (2020) Directly predicting limiting potentials from easily obtainable physical properties of graphene-supported single-atom electrocatalysts by machine learning. J Mater Chem A 8:5663–5670
Uzun A, Ortalan V, Browning ND et al (2010) A site-isolated mononuclear iridium complex catalyst supported on MgO: characterization by spectroscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Catal 269:318–328
Wang L, Zhang W, Wang S et al (2016) Atomic-level insights in optimizing reaction paths for hydroformylation reaction over Rh/CoO single-atom catalyst. Nat Commun 7:14036
Jones J, Xiong H, DeLaRiva AT et al (2016) Thermally stable single-atom platinum-on-ceria catalysts via atom trapping. Science 353(6295):150–154
Qu Y, Wang L, Li Z et al (2019) Ambient synthesis of single-atom catalysts from bulk metal via trapping of atoms by surface dangling bonds. Adv Mater 31:1904496
Li Y, Wu ZS, Lu P et al (2020) High-valence nickel single-atom catalysts coordinated to oxygen sites for extraordinarily activating oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Sci 7:1903089
Zeng L, Dai C, Liu B et al (2019) Oxygen-assisted stabilization of single-atom Au during photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 7:24217–24221
Li Y, Kong M, Hu J et al (2020) Carbon-microcuboid-supported phosphorus-coordinated single atomic copper with ultrahigh content and its abnormal modification to Na storage behaviors. Adv Energy Mater 10:2000400
Guo S, Yuan P, Zhang J et al (2017) Atomic-scaled cobalt encapsulated in P, N-doped carbon sheaths over carbon nanotubes for enhanced oxygen reduction electrocatalysis under acidic and alkaline media. Chem Commun 53:9862–9865
Luo Z, Ouyang Y, Zhang H et al (2018) Chemically activating MoS2 via spontaneous atomic palladium interfacial doping towards efficient hydrogen evolution. Nat Commun 9:2120
Lin YC, Dumcenco DO, Komsa HP et al (2014) Properties of individual dopant atoms in single-layer MoS2: atomic structure, migration, and enhanced reactivity. Adv Mater 26:2857–2861
Robertson AW, Lin YC, Wang S et al (2016) Atomic structure and spectroscopy of single metal (Cr, V) substitutional dopants in monolayer MoS2. ACS Nano 10:10227–10236
Wu X, Zhang H, Dong J et al (2018) Surface step decoration of isolated atom as electron pumping: atomic-level insights into visible-light hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 45:109–117
Zhou P, Zhang Q, Chao Y et al (2021) Partially reduced Pd single atoms on CdS nanorods enable photocatalytic reforming of ethanol into high value-added multicarbon compound. Chem 7:1033–1049
Zhang J, Zhang M, Zeng Y et al (2019) Single Fe atom on hierarchically porous S, N-codoped nanocarbon derived from porphyra enable boosted oxygen catalysis for rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Small 15:1900307
Tang C, Jiao Y, Shi B et al (2020) Coordination tunes selectivity: two-electron oxygen reduction on high-loading molybdenum single-atom catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59:9171–9176
Qiu S, Shen Y, Wei G et al (2019) Carbon dots decorated ultrathin CdS nanosheets enabling in-situ anchored Pt single atoms: a highly efficient solar-driven photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Appl Catal B: Environ 259:118036
Guo Y, Yuan P, Zhang J et al (2018) Carbon nanosheets containing discrete Co-Nx-By-C active sites for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis and rechargeable Zn-air batteries. ACS Nano 12:1894–1901
Wan J, Zhao Z, Shang H et al (2020) In situ phosphatizing of triphenylphosphine encapsulated within metal-organic frameworks to design atomic Co1-P1N3 interfacial structure for promoting catalytic performance. J Am Chem Soc 142:8431–8439
Chen P, Zhang N, Zhou T et al (2019) Tailoring electronic structure of atomically dispersed metal–N3S1 active sites for highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysis. ACS Mater Lett 1:139–146
Wang B, Zou J, Shen X et al (2019) Nanocrystal supracrystal-derived atomically dispersed Mn-Fe catalysts with enhanced oxygen reduction activity. Nano Energy 63:103851
Wei X, Zheng D, Zhao M et al (2020) Cross-linked polyphosphazene hollow nanosphere-derived N/P-doped porous carbon with single nonprecious metal atoms for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59:14639–14646
Yin XP, Wang HJ, Tang SF et al (2018) Engineering the coordination environment of single-atom platinum anchored on graphdiyne for optimizing electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 57:9382–9386
Zhang D, Chen W, Li Z et al (2018) Isolated Fe and Co dual active sites on nitrogen-doped carbon for a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Chem Commun 54:4274–4277
Han X, Ling X, Yu D et al (2019) Atomically dispersed binary Co-Ni sites in nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanocubes for reversible oxygen reduction and evolution. Adv Mater 31:1905622
Zhang L, Si R, Liu H et al (2019) Atomic layer deposited Pt-Ru dual-metal dimers and identifying their active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 10:4936
Zhu X, Zhang D, Chen CJ et al (2020) Harnessing the interplay of Fe–Ni atom pairs embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. Nano Energy 71:104597
Lu Z, Wang B, Hu Y et al (2019) An isolated zinc-cobalt atomic pair for highly active and durable oxygen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 58:2622–2626
Zhang L, Fischer J, Jia Y et al (2018) Coordination of atomic Co-Pt coupling species at carbon defects as active sites for oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc 140:10757–10763
Li Q, Chen W, Xiao H et al (2018) Fe isolated single atoms on S, N codoped carbon by copolymer pyrolysis strategy for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Adv Mater 30:1800588
Shen H, Gracia-Espino E, Ma J et al (2017) Synergistic effects between atomically dispersed Fe–N–C and C–S–C for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56:13800–13804
Chen P, Zhou T, Xing L et al (2017) Atomically dispersed iron-nitrogen species as electrocatalysts for bifunctional oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56:610–614
Yuan K, Sfaelou S, Qiu M et al (2017) Synergetic contribution of boron and Fe–Nx species in porous carbons toward efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Energy Lett 3:252–260
Sun H, Wang M, Du X et al (2019) Modulating the d-band center of boron doped single-atom sites to boost the oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 7:20952–20957
Sun T, Mitchell S, Li J et al (2020) Design of local atomic environments in single-atom electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversions. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003075
Cao L, Luo Q, Liu W et al (2018) Identification of single-atom active sites in carbon-based cobalt catalysts during electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat Catal 2:134–141
Wu K, Chen X, Liu S et al (2018) Porphyrin-like Fe-N4 sites with sulfur adjustment on hierarchical porous carbon for different rate-determining steps in oxygen reduction reaction. Nano Res 11:6260–6269
Zhao C, Chen Z, Shi R et al (2020) Recent advances in conjugated polymers for visible-light-driven water splitting. Adv Mater 32:1907296
Xiao M, Zhang L, Luo B et al (2020) Molten-salt-mediated synthesis of an atomic nickel co-catalyst on TiO2 for improved photocatalytic H2 evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 59:7230–7234
Li X, Bi W, Zhang L et al (2016) Single-atom Pt as co-catalyst for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. Adv Mater 28:2427–2431
Li Y, Wang Z, Xia T et al (2016) Implementing metal-to-ligand charge transfer in organic semiconductor for improved visible-near-infrared photocatalysis. Adv Mater 28:6959–6965
Zhao Q, Sun J, Li S et al (2018) Single nickel atoms anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene as a highly active cocatalyst for photocatalytic H2 evolution. ACS Catal 8:11863–11874
Xiao X, Gao Y, Zhang L et al (2020) A promoted charge separation/transfer system from Cu single atoms and C3N4 layers for efficient photocatalysis. Adv Mater 32:2003082
Teng Z, Zhang Q, Yang H et al (2021) Atomically dispersed antimony on carbon nitride for the artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxid. Nature Catal. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00605-1
Gao C, Low J, Long R et al (2020) Heterogeneous single-atom photocatalysts: fundamentals and applications. Chem Rev 120:12175–12216
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21805191 and 21972094), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2020A1515010982), Shenzhen Pengcheng Scholar Program, Shenzhen Peacock Plan (No. KQTD2016053112042971), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Nos. KQJSCX20170727100802505 and RCJC20200714114434086).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, H., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q. et al. Engineering the Local Coordination Environment of Single-Atom Catalysts and Their Applications in Photocatalytic Water Splitting: A Review. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 27, 313–330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00295-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00295-7