Abstract
TS-1/SiO2 extrudate was post-treated with mixed solution of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and various ammonium salts solution (NH4F, (NH4)3PO4, (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4CH3CO2, NH4NO3, NH4Cl and (NH4)2TiF6). The obtained hierarchical TS-1 catalysts were characterized by many techniques and tested for propylene epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in a fixed-bed reactor. It was shown that the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the treated TS-1/SiO2 extrudate depended on the types of ammonium salts added. Compared to the treatment with TPAOH alone, the treatment with a mixed solution of TPAOH and some ammonium salts can greatly improve the catalytic properties of the treated TS-1/SiO2 extrudate. Some of these ammonium salts were favorable for the incorporation of titanium in the framework, and the beneficial effect depended on the types of ammonium salt. TS-1/SiO2 extrudate treated with a mixed solution of TPAOH and (NH4)3PO4 exhibited the highest catalyst stability in propylene epoxidation. Such catalytic property can be correlated to high crystallinity, more framework titanium, large specific surface area and large external surface area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nijhuis TA, Makkee M, Moulijn JA et al (2006) The production of propene oxide: catalytic processes and recent developments. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(10):3447–3459
Prieto G, Schüth F (2015) The Yin and Yang in the development of catalytic processes: catalysis research and reaction engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed 54(11):3222–3239
Russo V, Tesser R, Santacesaria E et al (2013) Chemical and technical aspects of propene oxide production via hydrogen peroxide (HPPO process). Ind Eng Chem Res 52(3):1168–1178
Ishino M, Yamamoto J (2006) Propylene oxide manufacturing processes. Shokubai (Catalysts & Catalysis) 48(7): 511‒515 (in Japanese)
Tullo A (2004) Dow’s southern petrochemical pole. Chem Eng News 82(49):15
Edwards JK, Hutchings GJ (2008) Palladium and gold-palladium catalysts for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed 47(48):9192–9198
Campos-Martin JM, Blanco-Brieva G, Fierro JLG (2006) Hydrogen peroxide synthesis: an outlook beyond the anthraquinone process. Angew Chem Int Ed 45(42):6962–6984
Clerici MG, Bellussi G, Romano U (1991) Synthesis of propylene oxide from propylene and hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by titanium silicalite. J Catal 129(1):159–167
Feng X, Chen D, Zhou XG (2016) Thermal stability of TPA template and size-dependent selectivity of uncalcined TS-1 supported Au catalyst for propene epoxidation with H2 and O2. RSC Adv 6(50):44050–44056
Feng X, Liu Y, Li Y et al (2016) Au/TS-1 catalyst for propene epoxidation with H2/O2: a novel strategy to enhance stability by tuning charging sequence. AIChE J 62(11):3963–3972
Feng X, Duan X, Cheng H et al (2015) Au/TS-1 catalyst prepared by deposition–precipitation method for propene epoxidation with H2/O2: insights into the effects of slurry aging time and Si/Ti molar ratio. J Catal 325:128–135
Prieto A, Palomino M, Díaz U et al (2016) One-pot two-step process for direct propylene oxide production catalyzed by bi-functional Pd(Au)@TS-1 materials. Appl Catal A 523:73–84
Taramasso M, Perego G, Notari B (1983) Preparation of porous crystalline synthetic material comprised of silicon and titanium oxides: US, 4,410,501 [P]. 1983-10-18
Li CG, Lu YQ, Wu HH et al (2015) A hierarchically core/shell-structured titanosilicate with multiple mesopore systems for highly efficient epoxidation of alkenes. Chem Commun 51(80):14905–14908
Du ST, Li F, Sun QM et al (2016) A green surfactant-assisted synthesis of hierarchical TS-1 zeolites with excellent catalytic properties for oxidative desulfurization. Chem Commun 52(16):3368–3371
Wu XX, Wang YQ, Zhang T et al (2014) Effect of TS-1 treatment by tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide on cyclohexanone ammoximation. Catal Commun 50:59–62
Wang YQ, Wang SH, Zhang T et al (2017) Effect of extra-framework titanium in TS-1 on the ammoximation of cyclohexanone. Trans Tianjin Univ 23(3):230–236
Wang YQ, Ye JX, Wang SH et al (2016) Synthesis of mesoporous titanium silicalite-1 with high stability in cyclohexanone ammoximation. Trans Tianjin Univ 22(3):254–260
Clerici MG (2006) TS-1 and propylene oxide, 20 years later. Oil Gas European Magazine 122(6):77–82
Clerici MG, Ingallina P (1993) Epoxidation of lower olefins with hydrogen peroxide and titanium silicalite. J Catal 140:71–83
Sanz R, Serrano DP, Pizarro P et al (2011) Hierarchical TS-1 zeolite synthesized from SiO2-TiO2 xerogels imprinted with silanized protozeolitic units. Chem Eng J 171(3):1428–1438
Serrano DP, Sanz R, Pizarro P et al (2012) Tailoring the properties of hierarchical TS-1 zeolite synthesized from silanized protozeolitic units. Appl Catal A 435–436:32–42
Yang ST, Jeong KE, Jeong SY et al (2012) Synthesis of mesoporous TS-1 using a hybrid SiO2-TiO2 xerogel for catalytic oxidative desulfurization. Mater Res Bull 47(12):4398–4402
Serrano DP, Sanz R, Pizarro P et al (2013) Improvement of the hierarchical TS-1 properties by silanization of protozeolitic units in presence of alcohols. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 166:59–66
Zhao ZL, Liu YM, Wu HH et al (2010) Hydrothermal synthesis of mesoporous titanosilicate with the aid of amphiphilic organosilane. J Porous Mat 17(4):399–408
Serrano DP, Sanz R, Pizarro P et al (2014) Narrowing the mesopore size distribution in hierarchical TS-1 zeolite by surfactant-assisted reorganization. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 189:71–82
Lee S, Shantz DF (2005) Zeolite growth in nonionic microemulsions: synthesis of hierarchically structured zeolite particles. Chem Mater 17(2):409–417
Zuo Y, Liu M, Zhang T et al (2015) Enhanced catalytic performance of titanium silicalite-1 in tuning the crystal size in the range 1200–200 nm in a tetrapropylammonium bromide system. Chem Cat Chem 7(17):2660–2668
Fang YM, Hu HQ (2007) Mesoporous TS-1: nanocasting synthesis with CMK-3 as template and its performance in catalytic oxidation of aromatic thiophene. Catal Commun 8(5):817–820
Xin HC, Zhao J, Xu ST et al (2010) Enhanced catalytic oxidation by hierarchically structured TS-1 zeolite. J Phys Chem C 114(14):6553–6559
Choi M, Cho HS, Srivastava R et al (2006) Amphiphilic organosilane-directed synthesis of crystalline zeolite with tunable mesoporosity. Nature Mater 5(9):718–723
Na K, Jo C, Kim J et al (2011) Directing zeolite structures into hierarchically nanoporous architectures. Science 333(6040):328–332
Schwieger W, Machoke AG, Weissenberger T et al (2016) Hierarchy concepts: classification and preparation strategies for zeolite containing materials with hierarchical porosity. Chem Soc Rev 45(12):3353–3376
Wang YR, Lin M, Tuel A (2007) Hollow TS-1 crystals formed via a dissolution–recrystallization process. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 102(1–3):80–85
Lin M, Shu XT, Wang XQ et al. (2002) Titanium-silicalite molecular sieve and the method for its preparation: US, 6,475,465 [P]. 2002-11-05
Silvestre-Albero A, Grau-Atienza A, Serrano E et al (2014) Desilication of TS-1 zeolite for the oxidation of bulky molecules. Catal Commun 44:35–39
Wang BR, Lin M, Zhu B et al (2016) The synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of the hierarchical TS-1 with the intracrystalline voids and grooves. Catal Commun 75:69–73
Song W, Zuo Y, Xiong G et al (2014) Transformation of SiO2 in titanium silicalite-1/SiO2 extrudates during tetrapropylammonium hydroxide treatment and improvement of catalytic properties for propylene epoxidation. Chem Eng J 253(1):464–471
Song W, Xiong G, Long H et al (2015) Effect of treatment with different bases on the catalytic properties of TS-1/SiO2 extrudates in propylene epoxidation. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 212:48–55
Wang YQ, Liu W, Lin YJ et al (2016) Effects of the amount of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide in synthesis on TS-1 properties and catalytic performance in epoxidation of propylene. Trans Tianjin Univ 22(5):458–465
Xu J, Wang YQ, Feng WP et al (2014) Effect of triethylamine treatment of titanium silicalite-1 on propylene epoxidation. Front Chem Sci Eng 8(4):478–487
Wang YQ, Li HY, Liu W et al (2018) Effect of TS-1 treatment by mixed alkaline on propylene epoxidation. Trans Tianjin Univ 24(1):25–31
Feng WP, Wang YQ, Wu GQ et al (2015) Liquid phase propylene epoxidation with H2O2 on TS-1/SiO2 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor: experiments and deactivation kinetics. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 90(8):1489–1496
Wu GQ, Wang YQ, Wang LN et al (2013) Epoxidation of propylene with H2O2 catalyzed by supported TS-1 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor: experiments and kinetics. Chem Eng J 215–216:306–314
Deng XJ, Zhang S, Wang BS et al (2013) Enhanced catalytic activity of titanosilicates controlled by hydrogen-bonding interactions. Chem Commun 49(68):7504–7506
Schumb WC, Satterfield CN, Wentworth RL (1955) Hydrogen Peroxide. Reinhold, New York
Fang XQ, Wang Q, Zheng A et al (2013) Post-synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of fluorine-planted MWW-type titanosilicate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(14):4930–4938
Jiao K, Xu XY, Lv Z et al (2016) Synthesis of nanosized silicalite-1 in F-media. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 225:98–104
Wang L, Wang F, Wang JD (2016) Non-mercury catalytic acetylene hydrochlorination over a NH4F-urea-modified Pd/HY catalyst for vinyl chloride monomer production. New J Chem 40(4):3019–3023
Meng FJ, Wang YQ, Wang SH (2016) Methanol to gasoline over zeolite ZSM-5: improved catalyst performance by treatment with HF. RSC Adv 6(63):58586–58593
Goa Y, Wu P, Tatsumi T (2004) Influence of fuorine on the catalytic performance of Ti-Beta zeolite. J Phys Chem B 108(14):4242–4244
Fan WB, Fan BB, Shen XH et al (2009) Effect of ammonium salts on the synthesis and catalytic properties of TS-1. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 122(1–3):301–308
Fan WB, Duan RG, Yokoi T et al (2008) Synthesis, crystallization mechanism, and catalytic properties of titanium-rich TS-1 free of extraframework titanium species. J Am Chem Soc 130(31):10150–10164
Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Zecchina A et al (2001) Ti location in the MFI framework of Ti-silicalite-1: a neutron powder diffraction study. J Am Chem Soc 123(10):2204–2212
Bordiga S, Bonino F, Damin A et al (2007) Reactivity of Ti(iv) species hosted in TS-1 towards H2O2-H2O solutions investigated by ab initio cluster and periodic approaches combined with experimental XANES and EXAFS data: a review and new highlights. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9(35):4854–4878
Marra GL, Tozzola G, Leofanti G et al (1994) Orthorhombic and monoclinic silicalites: structure, morphology, vibrational properties and crystal defects. Stud Surf Sci Catal 84:559–566
Zuo Y, Liu M, Hong L et al (2015) Role of supports in the tetrapropylammonium hydroxide treated titanium silicalite-1 extrudates. Ind Eng Chem Res 54(5):1513–1519
Wilde N, Pelz M, Gebhardt SG et al (2015) Highly efficient nano-sized TS-1 with micro-/mesoporosity from desilication and recrystallization for the epoxidation of biodiesel with H2O2. Green Chem 17(6):3378–3389
Ge TG, Hua ZL, Lv J et al (2017) Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity modulated synthesis of nano-crystalline and hierarchically structured TS-1 zeolites. Cryst Eng Comm 19(10):1370–1376
Shan ZC, Lu ZD, Wang L et al (2010) Stable bulky particles formed by TS-1 zeolite nanocrystals in the presence of H2O2. Chem Cat Chem 2(4):407–412
Zhou J, Hua ZL, Cui XZ et al (2010) Hierarchical mesoporous TS-1 zeolite: a highly active and extraordinarily stable catalyst for the selective oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Chem Commun 46(27):4994–4996
Blasco T, Camblor MA, Corma A et al (1993) The State of Ti in titanoaluminosilicates isomorphous with zeolite β. J Am Chem Soc 115:11806–11813
Qiu FR, Wang XB, Zhang XF et al (2009) Preparation and properties of TS-1 zeolite and film using Sil-1 nanoparticles as seeds. Chem Eng J 147(2–3):316–322
Jansen JC, van der Gaag FJ, van Bekkum H (1984) Identification of ZSM-type and other 5-ring containing zeolites by i.r. spectroscopy. Zeolites 4(4):369‒372
Jacobs PA, Beyer HK, Valyon J (1981) Properties of the end members in the pentasil-family of zeolites: characterization as adsorbents. Zeolites 1(3):161–168
Wang ZD, Xu L, Jiang JG et al (2012) One-pot synthesis of catalytically active and mechanically robust mesoporous TS-1 microspheres with the aid of triblock copolymer. Microporous Mesoporus Mater 156:106–114
Ricchiardi G, Damin A, Bordiga S et al (2001) Vibrational structure of titanium silicate catalysts. A spectroscopic and theoretical study. J Am Chem Soc 123(46):11409–11419
Thangaraj A, Kumar R, Mirajkar SP et al (1991) Catalytic properties of crystalline titanium silicalites I. Synthesis and characterization of titanium-rich zeolites with MFI structure. J Catal 130(1):1–8
Thangaraj A, Sivasanker S (1992) An improved method for TS-1 synthesis: 29Si NMR studies. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 2:123–124
Wilde N, Přech J, Pelz M et al (2016) Accessibility enhancement of TS-1-based catalysts for improving the epoxidation of plant oil-derived substrates. Catal Sci Technol 6(19):7280–7288
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21276183).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Han, X., Li, H. et al. Post-treatment of TS-1 with Mixtures of TPAOH and Ammonium Salts and the Catalytic Properties in Propylene Epoxidation. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 24, 461–470 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-018-0134-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-018-0134-x