Abstract
Orthogonal method was adopted to optimize the preozonation process and to minimize the bromate formation. Factors such as contact time, pH and ammonia concentration were investigated by orthogonal experiments to understand the interaction of various operation conditions on the formation of bromate and other disinfection byproducts(DBPs). Results showed that pH had the most significant influence on the minimization of bromate formation. The factors influencing the formation of bromate were in order of pH > contact time > ammonia concentration. For the formation of trihalomethanes(THMs) and haloacetic acids(HAAs), however, contact time significantly influenced their formation potential. In the practical preozonation process of waterworks, it is appropriate to set preozonation contact time to be 20 min. In order to minimize the formation of bromate, pH value of the raw water should be adjusted to 6. 0, and a certain concentration of ammonia could be added into the water to strengthen the minimization effect when the concentration of bromide in the raw water is higher than that in the experimental water.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Sagehashi M, Shiraishi K, Fujita H et al. Adsorptive ozonation of 2-methylisoborneol in natural water with preventing bromate formation [J]. Water Research, 2005, 39(16): 3900–3908.
Rodríguez E, Onstad G D, Kull T P J et al. Oxidative elimination of cyanotoxins: Comparison of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate [J]. Water Research, 2007, 41(15): 3381–3393.
Liu Hailong, Cheng Fengqin, Wang Dongsheng. Interaction of ozone and organic matter in coagulation with inorganic polymer flocculant-PACl: Role of organic components [J]. Desalination, 2009, 249(2): 596–601.
Zhu Jie, Zhang Dong, Chen Hongbin et al. Full-scale application and biological risk study on pre-ozonation for micro-polluted water [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2011, 37(2): 13–19 (in Chinese).
Bonacquisti T P. A drinking water utility’s perspective on bromide, bromate, and ozonation [J]. Toxicology, 2006, 221(2): 145–148.
von Gunten U, Driedger A, Gallard H et al. By-products formation during drinking water disinfection: A tool to assess disinfection efficiency [J]. Water Research, 2001, 35(8): 2095–2099.
von Gunten U. Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine [J]. Water Research, 2003, 37(7): 1469–1487.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary drinking water regulations: stage 1. Disinfectants and disinfection byproducts rule[S]. Federal Register, 1998, 63(241): 69390–69476.
European Union. Council Directive 98/83/EC on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption[Z]. CELEX-EUR Official Journal L 330, 1998: 32–54.
Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China. China National Standardization Management Committee. GB 5749-2006 Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China[S]. Standards Press of China, 2006(in Chinese).
Kim Y J, Hyun K S. Characteristics of disinfection byproducts reduction in the processes of drinking water treatment system using Nakdong river water [J]. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2012, 43(1–3): 159–166.
Siddiqui M S, Amy G L. Factors affecting DBP formation during ozone-bromide reactions [J]. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1993, 85(1): 63–72.
Pinkernell U, von Gunten U. Bromate minimization during ozonation: Mechanistic considerations [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2001, 35(12): 2525–2531.
Ozekin K, Westerhoff P, Amy G L et al. Molecular ozone and radical pathways of bromate formation during ozonation [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1998, 124(5): 456–462.
Kishimoto N, Nakamura E. Bromate formation characteristics of UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide addition, ozonation, and their combination processes [J]. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2012: 1–10.
Wert E C, Neemann J J, Rexing D J et al. Biofiltration for removal of BOM and residual ammonia following control of bromate formation [J]. Water Research, 2008, 42(1): 372–378.
Nikolaou A D, Golfinopoulos S K, Arhonditsis G B et al. Modeling the formation of chlorination by-products in river waters with different quality [J]. Chemosphere, 2004, 55(3): 409–420.
Ronan T, Romuald T, Annabelle C et al. Ozonation effect on natural organic matter adsorption and biodegradation: Application to a membrane bioreactor containing activated carbon for drinking water production[J]. Water Research, 2010, 44(3): 781–788.
Guay C, Rodriguez M, Serodes J. Using ozonation and chloramination to reduce the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water [J]. Desalination, 2005, 176(1): 229–240.
Huang Jianjun, Zhang Zhaohui. Study on control of trihalomethane formation potential in ozonationbiofiltration process [C]. In: International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology. Guilin, China, 2009.
Yue Shangchao, Wang Qishan, Li Sisi et al. A full-scale study on preozonation of typical source waters in north China [J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2012, 393–395: 1084–1088.
Zhou Runlan, Yu Shenghua. Application of Probability and Statistics [M]. Science Press, Beijing, China, 1999 (in Chinese).
Han P F, Qi G M, Xu N. Study of crude oil emulsion breaking via ultrasound [J]. Chemical Engineering, 2004, 32(1): 42–46.
Yue Shangchao. Effects of Pre-ozonation on Disinfection By-products for Micro-polluted Raw Water [D]. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 2012 (in Chinese).
Bader H, Hoigne J. Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method [J]. Water Research, 1981, 15(4): 1687–1699.
American Public Health Association. Water Environment Federation (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater[S]. Washington DC, USA, 1994.
Fang Jingyun, Ma Jun, Yang Xin et al. Formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products from the chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa [J]. Water Research, 2010, 44(6): 1934–1940.
Lamsal R, Walsh M E, Gagnon G A. Comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of natural organic matter [J]. Water Research, 2011, 45(10): 3263–3269.
Teksoy A, Alkan U, Baskaya H S. Influence of the treatment process combinations on the formation of THM species in water [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2008, 61(3): 447–454.
Klymenko N A, Kozyatnyk I P, Savchyna L A. Removing of fulvic acids by ozonation and biological active carbon filtration [J]. Water Research, 2010, 44(18): 5316–5322.
Arvai A, Jasim S, Biswas N. Bromate formation in ozone and advanced oxidation processes [J]. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2012, 34(5): 325–333.
Sorlini S, Collivignarelli C. Trihalomethane formation during chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone of ten Italian natural waters [J]. Desalination, 2005, 176(1): 103–111.
Moslemi M, Davies S H, Masten S J. Bromate formation in a hybrid ozonation-ceramic membrane filtration system [J]. Water Research, 2011, 45(17): 5529–5534.
Hofmann R, Andrews R C. Ammoniacal bromamines: A review of their influence on bromate formation during ozonation [J]. Water Research, 2001, 35(3): 599–604.
Han Bangjun. Laboratory, Pilot and Full Scale Investigations of Catalytic Ozonation for Upgrading Drinking Water Quality [D]. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, 2007 (in Chinese).
Lu Jinfeng, Zhang Tao, Ma Jun et al. Control of THMs formation potential of filtered surface water with catalytic ozonation by ferric hydroxide [J]. Environmental Science, 2006, 27(5): 935–940.
Zhang Tao, Lu Jinfeng, Ma Jun et al. Impact of catalytic ozonation with ferric hydroxide on HAAs formation potential of a filtered surface water [J]. Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1580–1585.
Legube B, Parinet B, Gelinet K et al. Modeling of bromate formation by ozonation of surface waters in drinking water treatment [J]. Water Research, 2004, 38(8): 2185–2195.
Buffle M O, Galli S, von Gunten U. Enhanced bromate control during ozonation: The chlorine-ammonia process [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(19): 5187–5195.
Tyrovola K, Diamadopoulos E. Bromate formation during ozonation of groundwater in coastal areas in Greece [J]. Desalination, 2005, 176(1): 201–209.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51008162) and Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No. 10JCYBJC03500).
Zhang Yiran, born in 1987, female, doctorate student.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, H. et al. Orthogonal experiments for controlling the formation of DBPs during preozonation of bromide-containing raw water. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 20, 189–196 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-014-2266-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-014-2266-y