Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Feigning Screeners in VA PTSD Compensation and Pension Examinations

  • Published:
Psychological Injury and Law Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs at relatively high rates among individuals involved in military combat and captivity. In 2010, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) instituted a regulation that liberalized the evidentiary standard for veterans claiming service connection for PTSD. The relaxed standard has allowed more veterans with PTSD to obtain monetary benefits. However, research suggests that PTSD is relatively easy to feign. As such, the relaxed standard may increase the potential for fraud. The literature concerning the rate of over-reporting of PTSD symptoms among compensation-seeking veterans is discussed. Assessment measures useful in detecting feigning among compensation-seeking veterans are reviewed. Due to the large number of veterans seeking compensation and the fact that VA evaluators have a limited amount of time to conduct mental health examinations, feigning screeners are proposed as a brief, evidence-based approach to begin the process of determining whether or not a veteran is feigning PTSD during compensation and pension examinations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alwes, Y. R., Clark, J. A., Berry, D. T. R., & Granacher, R. P. (2008). Screening for feigning in a civil forensic setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 133–140. doi:10.1080/13803390701260363

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

  • Auer, M., Baxley, T., Enderle, J., McBrine, C., Coulson, L. R. (2004, June 28). Department of Veteran’s Affairs compensation and pension clinician’s guide. Retrieved from http://vaww4.va.gov/cpep/cguide/ch14/ch14_pg01.htm

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2008/2011). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form: MMPI-2-RF. NCS Pearson, Incorporated.

  • Blanchard, D. D., McGrath, R. E., Pogge, D. L., & Khadivi, A. (2003). A comparison of the PAI and MMPI-2 as predictors of faking bad in college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(2), 197–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Darnell, A., & Charney, D. S. (1996). Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: Course of illness and substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 369–375. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8002_08

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1995). Trauma Symptom Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (2001). Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress (DAPS). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

  • Briere, J. (2010). Trauma Symptom Inventory, 2nd ed. (TSI-2) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Tellegen, A. M., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Kaemmer, B. (2001). MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation (Revth ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, P. S., Earnst, K. S., Tucker, D. D., Kirby, A. C., & Beckham, J. C. (2000). Feigning combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75(2), 338–350. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7502_11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Psychology Press

  • DeClue, G. (2011). Harry Potter and the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms. Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology, 3, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demakis, G. J., Gervais, R. O., & Rohling, M. L. (2008). The effect of failure on cognitive and psychological symptom validity tests in litigants with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(5), 879–895

  • DeViva, J. C., & Bloem, W. D. (2003). Symptom exaggeration and compensation seeking among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 503–507. doi:10.1023/A:1025766713188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, D. E. (2004). Detection of feigned posttraumatic stress disorder: A multimodal assessment strategy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.

  • Eakin, D. E., Weathers, F. W., Benson, T. B., Anderson, C. F., & Funderburk, B. (2006). Detection of feigned posttraumatic stress disorder: A comparison of the MMPI-2 and PAI. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(3), 145–155. doi:10.1007/s10862-005-9006-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elhai, J. D., Gray, M. J., Naifeh, J. A., Butcher, J. J., Davis, J. L., Falsetti, S. A., & Best, C. L. (2005). Utility of the Trauma Symptom Inventory’s Atypical Response Scale in detecting malingered post-traumatic stress disorder. Assessment, 12, 210–219. doi:10.1177/1073191105275456

  • Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (2009). Introduction. In E. B. Foa, T. M. Keane, M. J. Friedman, & J. A. Cohen (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD (2nd ed., pp. 1–20). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, T., Powell, M., & Kimbrell, T. (2008). Measuring symptom exaggeration in veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 158(3), 374–380. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frueh, B. C., Elhai, J. D., Grubaugh, A. L., Monnier, J., Kashdan, T. B., Sauvageot, J. A., & Arana, G. W. (2005). Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 467–472. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.6.467

  • Gervais, R. O., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Wygant, D. B., & Green, P. (2007). Development and validation of a Response Bias Scale (RBS) for the MMPI-2. Assessment, 14(2), 196–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giger, P., & Merten, T. (2013). Swiss population-based reference data for six symptom validity tests. Clinica y Salud, 24, 153–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, B. E., Sellbom, M., & Arbisi, P. A. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans: The utility of the MMPI-2-RF validity scales in detecting overreported symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 671–678. doi:10.1037/a0032214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. R. (2006). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M. J., Elhai, J. D., & Briere, J. (2010). Evaluation of the Atypical Response scale of the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 in detecting simulated posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 447–451. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, P. (2005). Green’s Word Memory Test user’s manual. Edmonton: Green’s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, P., Allen, L., & Astner, K. (1996). The Word Memory Test: A user’s guide to the oral and computer-administered forms, US Version 1.1. Durham, NC: CogniSyst, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D., Rosenfeld, B., & Belfi, B. (2013). New and improved? A comparison of the original and revised versions of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms. Assessment, 20(2), 210–219. doi:10.1177/1073191112464389

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guriel, J., Yañez, T., Fremouw, W., Shreve-Neiger, A., Ware, L., Filcheck, H., et al. (2004). Impact of coaching on malingered posttraumatic stress symptoms on the M-FAST and the TSI. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 4(2), 37–56. doi:10.1300/J158v04n02_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guy, L. S., Kwarmer, P. P., & Miller, H. A. (2006). Investigating the M-FAST: Psychometric properties and utility to detect diagnostic specific malingering. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(5), 687–702. doi:10.1002/bsl.706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handel, R. W., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Tellegen, A., & Archer, R. P. (2010). Psychometric functioning of the MMPI-2-RF VRIN-r and TRIN-r scales with varying degrees of randomness, acquiescence, and counter-acquiescence. Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 87–95. doi:10.1037/a0017061

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory manual. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1951). An atlas for the clinical use of the MMPI. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. L., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (2005). Forensic applications of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (MFAST): Screening for feigned disorders in competency to stand trial evaluations. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 211–227. doi:10.1007/s10979-005-2193-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1184–1190. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jelicic, M., Merckelbach, H., Candel, I., & Geraerts, E. (2007). Detection of feigned cognitive dysfunction using special malingering tests: A simulation study in naïve and coached malingerers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(8), 1185–1192. doi:10.1080/00207450600934697

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

  • Lange, R., Sullivan, K., & Scott, C. (2010). Comparison of MMPI-2 and PAI validity indicators to detect feigned depression and PTSD symptom reporting. Psychiatry Research, 176(2–3), 229–235. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. L., Simcox, A. M., & Berry, D. T. R. (2002). Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology. Psychological Assessment, 14(2), 170–176. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.2.170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liljequist, L., Kinder, B. N., & Shinka, J. A. (1998). An investigation of malingering posttraumatic stress disorder on the Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 7(3), 322–336. doi:10.1007/s12207-011-9111-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marion, B. E., Sellbom, M., & Bagby, R. M. (2011). The detection of feigned psychiatric disorders using the MMPI-2-RF overreporting validity scales: An analog investigation. Psychological Injury & Law, 4, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s12207-011-9097-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merten, T., Thies, E., Schneider, K., & Stevens, A. (2009). Symptom validity testing in claimants with alleged posttraumatic stress disorder: Comparing the Morel Emotional Numbing Test, the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, and the Word Memory Test. Psychological Injury and Law, 2(3–4), 284–293. doi:10.1007/s12207-009-9057-0

  • Merten, T., Lorenz, R., & Schlatow, S. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder can easily be faked, but faking can be detected in most cases. German Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 140–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messer, J. M., & Fremouw, W. J. (2007). Detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder using the Morel Emotional Numbing Test-Revised (MENT-R) and the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST). Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 7(3), 33–57. doi:10.1300/J158v07n03_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. A. (2001). M-FAST: Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms test and professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel, K. R. (1998). Development and preliminary validation of a forced-choice test of response bias for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(2), 299–314. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morel, K. R. (2008). Comparison of the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for posttraumatic stress disorder to the Word Memory Test in neuropsychological evaluations. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(2), 350–362. doi:10.1080/13854040701300531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morel, K. R. (2010). Differential diagnosis of malingering versus posttraumatic stress disorder: Scientific rationale and objective scientific methods. New York: Novinka Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel, K. R. (2012). Manual for the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric properties. (3rd ed. Rev.). Las Vegas, NV: Author.

  • Morel, K. R. (2013). Cutoff scores for the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for PTSD: Considerations for use in VA mental health examinations. Psychological Injury and Law, 6(2), 138–143. doi:10.1007/s12207-013-9151-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morel, K. R., & Shepherd, B. E. (2008). Meta-analysis of the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for PTSD: Comment on Singh, Avasthi, and Grover. German Journal of Psychiatry, 11(3), 128–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morey, L. C. (1991). The Personality Assessment Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsillo, S. M., Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Steinberg, H. R., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1996). Current and lifetime psychiatric disorders among veterans with war zone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(5), 307–313. doi:10.1097/00005053-100605000-00007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. E., & Watkins, M. M. (2001). The relationship between psychopathic personality features and malingering symptoms of major mental illness. Law and Human Behavior, 25(6), 567–581. doi:10.1023/A:1012702223004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, C. L. (2009). The importance of using malingering screeners in forensic practice. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 9, 138–146. doi:10.1080/15228930802575508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. (2008). An introduction to response styles. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed., pp. 3–13). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (2003). Evaluation of malingering and deception. In A. M. Goldstein & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Forensic psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 109–129). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Bagby, R. M., & Dickens, S. E. (1992). Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Kropp, P. R., Bagby, R. M., & Dickens, S. E. (1992). Faking specific disorders: A study of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(5), 643–648. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199209)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., Martin, M. A., & Vitacco, M. J. (2003). Detection of feigned mental disorders: A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment, 10, 160–177. doi:10.1177/1073191103010002007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Payne, J. W., Berry, D. T. R., & Granacher, R. P., Jr. (2009). Use of the SIRS in compensation cases: An examination of its validity and generalizability. Law and Human Behavior, 33(3), 213–224. doi:10.1007/s10979-008-9145-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Payne, J. W., Correa, A. A., Gillard, N. D., & Ross, C. A. (2009). A study of the SIRS with severely traumatized patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(5), 429–438. doi:10.1080/00223890903087745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., & Gillard, N. D. (2010). Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS), 2nd edition, professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R., Gillard, N. D., Berry, D. T., & Granacher, R. P., Jr. (2011). Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF validity scales for feigned mental disorders and cognitive impairment: A known-groups study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(3), 355–367. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9222-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, G. M., Sawchuk, C. N., Atkins, D. C., Brown, M., Price, J. R., & Lees-Haley, P. R. (2006). Risk of false positives when identifying malingered profiles using the Trauma Symptom Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 329–333. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8603_08

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenzer, S. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Assessing response style and malingering. Psychological Injury and Law, 2, 114–142. doi:10.1007/s12207-009-9045-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenzer, S. (2010). Review of the Structured Inventory of Reported Symptoms-2 (SIRS-2). Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2, 273–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, A. C. (2014). Assessing veteran symptom validity. Psychological Injury and Law, 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s12207-014-9190-2

  • Scragg, P., Borum, R., & Mendham, M. C. (2000). Feigning posttraumatic stress disorder on the PAI. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 155–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., & Bagby, R. M. (2010). Detection of overreported psychopathology with the MMPI-2 RF form validity scales. Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 757–767. doi:10.1037/a0020825

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Toomey, J. A., Wygant, D. B., Kucharski, L. T., & Duncan, S. (2010). Utility of the MMPI–2-RF (Restructured Form) validity scales in detecting malingering in a criminal forensic setting: A known-groups design. Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 22. doi:10.1037/a0018222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J., Avasthi, A., & Grover, S. (2007). Malingering of psychiatric disorders: A review. German Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 126–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. P. (2008). Brief screening measures for detection of feigned psychopathology. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed., pp. 323–342). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. P., & Burger, G. K. (1997). Detection of malingering: Validation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 25(2), 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. W., & Frueh, B. C. (1996). Compensation seeking, comorbidity, and apparent symptom exaggeration of PTSD symptoms among Vietnam combat veterans. Psychological Assessment, 8, 3–6. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.1.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., Orlando, M. J., Weathers, F. W., & McDevitt-Murphy, M. E. (2012). Detecting feigned PTSD using the Personality Assessment Inventory. Psychological Injury and Law, 5(3–4), 192–201. doi:10.1007/s12207-011-9111-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolin, D. F., Steenkamp, M. M., Marx, B. P., & Litz, B. T. (2010). Detecting symptom exaggeration in combat veterans using the MMPI–2 symptom validity scales: A mixed group validation. Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 729–736. doi:10.1037/a0020973

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veterans Benefits Administration. (2012). Annual benefits report: Fiscal year 2012. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.vba.va.gov/REPORTS/abr/

  • Veterans Benefits Administration. (2013). Annual benefits report: Fiscal year 2013.Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.vba.va.gov/REPORTS/abr/

  • Vitacco, M. J., Rogers, R., Gabel, J., & Munizza, J. (2007). An evaluation of malingering screens with competency to stand trial patients: A known-groups comparison. Law and Human Behavior, 31(3), 249–260. doi:10.1177/1073191107308085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitacco, M. J., Jackson, R. L., Rogers, R., Neumann, C. S., Miller, H. A., & Gabel, J. (2008). Detection strategies for malingering with the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test: A confirmatory factor analysis of its underlying dimensions. Assessment, 15, 97–103. doi:10.1177/1073191107308085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, P. W., McFall, M., McBrine, C., Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Keane, T. M., & Hamblen, J. L. (2005). Best practice manual for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compensation and pension examinations. Portland, OR: Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center VA Puget Sound Health Care System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Foa, E. B. (2009). Assessment and diagnosis of adults. In E. B. Foa, T. M. Keane, M. J. Friedman, & J. A. Cohen (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD (2nd ed., pp. 23–61). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widows, M. R., & Smith, G. P. (2005). Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology: Professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmaier, P. (2011). Normative data for three symptom validity tests: The Morel Emotional Numbing Test (MENT), the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) and the List of Improbable Problems (LIMP). [Schätzung von Normalbefunden fur drei Beschwerden validierungstests: Der Morel Emotional Numbing Test (MENT), der Strukturierte Fragebogen Simulierter Symptome (SFSS) und die List of Improbable Problems (LIMP)]. German: Dr. Muller.

  • Wisdom, N. M., Callahan, J. L., & Shaw, T. G. (2010). Diagnostic utility of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology to detect malingering in a forensic sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(2), 118–125. doi:10.1093/arclin/acp110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Worthen, M. D., & Moering, R. G. (2011). A practical guide to conducting VA compensation and pension exams for PTSD and other mental disorders. Psychological Injury and Law, 4, 187–216. doi:10.1007/s12207-011-9115-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wygant, D. B., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Arbisi, P. A., Berry, D. T., Freeman, D. B., & Heilbronner, R. L. (2009). Examination of the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) validity scales in civil forensic settings: Findings from simulation and known group samples. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(7), 671–680. doi:10.1093/arclin/acp073

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Gervais, R. O., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Stafford, K. P., Freeman, D. B., & Heilbronner, R. L. (2010). Further validation of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF Response Bias Scale: Findings from disability and criminal forensic settings. Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 745. doi:10.1037/a0020042

  • Zimmermann, P., Kowalski, J. T., Alliger-Horn, C., Danker-Hofe, H., Engers, A., Meermann, R., & Hellweg, R. (2013). Detection of malingering in the assessment of occupational disability in the military. German Journal of Psychiatry

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher L. Ray.

Additional information

Author Note

The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US Government.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ray, C.L. Feigning Screeners in VA PTSD Compensation and Pension Examinations. Psychol. Inj. and Law 7, 370–387 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9210-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9210-2

Keywords

Navigation