Abstract
The mechanism of intermittent water and mud inrush is a difficult problem faced by disaster prevention and safe construction in karst tunnels. Aiming at revealing the mechanism of intermittent water and mud inrush, we developed an integrated testing system for filling medium deposition in karst caves and intermittent water and mud inrush. By conducting a serial of laboratory experiments, we analyzed the sedimentary characteristics of the filling medium in karst caves and the catastrophic process of intermittent water and mud inrush induced by dredging and rainfall under realistic sedimentary conditions. The results show that the filling medium exhibits layered deposition characteristics, which are affected by the water circulation time, the amount of sediments carried by water and the water flow rate. The first inrush incubation time reduces with the water head increases. The critical water head and the disaster incubation time increase with the deposition height increases. Under the same conditions, the first inrush incubation time of gravel type, silt type, and clay type filling medium decrease sequentially. The results can provide a theoretical basis for preventing intermittent water and mud inrush disasters in karst tunnels.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alija S, Torrijo FJ, Quinta-Ferreira M (2013) Geological engineering problems associated with tunnel construction in karst rock masses: The case of Gavarres tunnel (Spain). Engineering Geology 157:103–111, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.02.010
Amiri V, Asgari-Nejad M (2022) Hydrogeological assessment and estimation of groundwater inflow into the water transmission tunnel to Urmia Lake, Northwestern Iran. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 81(3):111, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02612-3
Bonacci O (2004) Hazards caused by natural and anthropogenic changes of catchment area in karst. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4(5–6):655–661, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-655-2004
Fan HB, Zhang YH, He SY, Wang K, Wang XL, Wang H (2018) Hazards and treatment of karst tunneling in Qinling-Daba mountainous area: Overview and lessons learnt from Yichang-Wanzhou railway system. Environmental Earth Sciences 77(19):679, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7860-1
Gao XH, Tian WP, Li JC, Qi HL, Zhang ZP (2021) Research on prediction model of prestress loss of anchor cable in soil-rock dual-structure slope. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 4986245, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4986245
Gao XH, Tian WP, Li JC, Qi HL, Zhang ZP, Li SY (2022) Force and deformation response analysis of dual structure slope excavation and support. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 13(1):501–537, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2022.2037738
Huang Z, Zhao K, Li XZ, Zhong W, Wu Y (2021) Numerical characterization of groundwater flow and fracture-induced water inrush in tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 116:104119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104119
Jeannin PY, Malard A, Rickerl D, Weber E (2015) Assessing karst-hydraulic hazards in tunneling-the Brunnmühle spring system-Bernese Jura, Switzerland. Environmental Earth Sciences 74(12):7655–7670, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4655-5
Jiang HM, Li L, Rong XL, Wang MY, Xia YP, Zhang ZC (2017) Model test to investigate waterproof-resistant slab minimum safety thickness for water inrush geohazards. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 62:35–42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.11.004
Jin Q, Bu ZH, Pan DD, Li HY, Li ZF, Zhang YC (2021) An integrated evaluation method for the grouting effect in karst areas. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 25(8):3186–3197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1864-1
Kaufmann G, Romanov D (2020) Modelling long-term and short-term evolution of karst in vicinity of tunnels. Journal of Hydrology 581: 124282, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124282
Li SC, Bu L, Shi SS, Li LP, Zhou ZQ (2022) Prediction for water inrush disaster source and CFD-based design of evacuation routes in karst tunnel. International Journal of Geomechanics 22(5):05022001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)Gm.1943-5622.0002305
Li LP, Chen DY, Li SC, Shi SS, Zhang MG, Liu HL (2017a) Numerical analysis and fluid-solid coupling model test of filling-type fracture water inrush and mud gush. Geomechanics and Engineering 13(6): 1011–1025, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.13.6.1011
Li SC, Gao CL, Zhou ZQ, Li LP, Wang MX, Yuan YC, Wang J (2018) Analysis on the precursor information of water inrush in karst tunnels: A true triaxial model test study. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 52(2):373–384, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1582-2
Li LP, Liu S, Li SC, Shi SS, Chen DY, Zhou Y, Lin P, Wang JH, Liu C (2017b) Development of testing system for coupled seepage and triaxial stress measurements and its application to permeability characteristic test on filling medium. Rock and Soil Mechanics 38(10):3053–3061, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.10.035 (in Chinese)
Li SC, Wu J, Xu ZH, Li LP (2017c) Unascertained measure model of water and mud inrush risk evaluation in karst tunnels and its engineering application. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21(4): 1170–1182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-1569-z
Liang DX, Jiang ZQ, Zhu SY, Sun Q, Qian ZW (2015) Experimental research on water inrush in tunnel construction. Natural Hazards 81(1):467–480, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2090-2
Lin P, Li SC, Xu ZH, Wang J, Huang X (2019) Water inflow prediction during heavy rain while tunneling through karst fissured zones. International Journal of Geomechanics 19(8):04019093, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)Gm.1943-5622.0001478
Luo MM, Chen J, Jakada H, Li N, Guo XL, Zhou H (2022) Identifying and predicting karst water inrush in a deep tunnel, South China. Engineering Geology 305:106716, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2022.106716
Lv YX, Jiang YJ, Hu W, Cao M, Mao Y (2020) A review of the effects of tunnel excavation on the hydrology, ecology, and environment in karst areas: Current status, challenges, and perspectives. Journal of Hydrology 586:124891, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124891
Lyu C, Yu L, Wang MN, Xia PX, Sun Y (2020) Upper bound analysis of collapse failure of deep tunnel under karst cave considering seismic force. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 132:106003, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106003
Meng YY, Jing HW, Yin Q, Wu XJ (2020) Experimental study on seepage characteristics and water inrush of filled karst structure in tunnel. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13(12):450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05474-9
Pan DD, Li SC, Xu ZH, Lin P, Huang X (2019) Experimental and numerical study of the water inrush mechanisms of underground tunnels due to the proximity of a water-filled karst cavern. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 78(8):6207–6219, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01491-5
Song KI, Cho GC, Chang SB (2012) Identification, remediation, and analysis of karst sinkholes in the longest railroad tunnel in South Korea. Engineering Geology 135:92–105, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.02.018
Wang XT, Li SC, Xu ZH, Li XZ, Lin P, Lin CJ (2019) An interval risk assessment method and management of water inflow and inrush in course of karst tunnel excavation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 92:103033, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103033
Xu ZH, Bu ZH, Pan DD, Li DY, Zhang YC (2022) A novel numerical method for grouting simulation in flowing water considering uneven spatial and temporal distribution of slurry: Two-Fluid Tracking (TFT) method. Computers and Geotechnics 147:104756, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.104756
Xu ZH, Huang X, Li SC, Lin P, Shi XS, Wu J (2020) A new slice-based method for calculating the minimum safe thickness for a filled-type karst cave. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79(2):1097–1111, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01609-9
Xu ZH, Lin P, Xing HL, Pan DD, Huang X (2021) Hydro-mechanical coupling response behaviors in tunnel subjected to a water-filled karst cave. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 54(8):3737–3756, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02423-0
Xue YG, Kong FM, Li SC, Qiu DH, Su MX, Li ZQ, Zhou BH (2021a) Water and mud inrush hazard in underground engineering: Genesis, evolution and prevention. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 114:103987, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103987
Xue YG, Kong FM, Qiu DH, Su MX, Zhao Y, Zhang K (2021b) The classifications of water and mud/rock inrush hazard: A review and update. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80(3): 1907–1925, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02012-5
Yang WM, Yang X, Fang ZD, Shi SS, Wang H, Bu L, Li LP, Zhou ZQ (2019) Model test for water inrush caused by karst caves filled with confined water in tunnels. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12(24): 749, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4907-x
Yuan YC, Li SC, Li LP, Zhang QQ, Sun BL, Shi SS (2017) Comprehensive analysis on disaster associated by water inrush and mud gushing in Shangjiawan karst tunnel. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology) 48(1):203–211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2017.01.028 (in Chinese)
Zhang MQ, He ZJ, Huang HJ, Ren SQ, Shan HY (2015) Causal analysis and governance of the water & mud bursting in Daliang Tunnel on Lanzhou — Xinjiang Second Railway. Journal of Railway Engineering Society (3):77–80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-2106.2015.03.016 (in Chinese)
Zhang GH, Jiao YY, Ma CX, Wang H, Chen LB, Tang ZC (2018) Alteration characteristics of granite contact zone and treatment measures for inrush hazards during tunnel construction — A case study. Engineering Geology 235:64–80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.01.022
Zhang ZQ, Kan C, Sun F, Guo YC, Li HY (2014) Experimental study of catastrophic behavior for NATM tunnel in debris flow strata. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 33(12):2451–2457, DOI: https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.12.010
Zhang JQ, Li SC, Zhang QS, Zhang X, Li P, Wang DM, Weng XJ (2019) Mud inrush flow mechanisms: A case study in a water-rich fault tunnel. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 78(8):6267–6283, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01508-z
Zhang MQ, Wang GL, Sun GQ (2012) Treatment technology for mud bursting of baiyun tunnel of nanning-guangzhou railway in fault. Journal of Railway Engineering Society (3):69–73, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-2106.2012.03.015 (in Chinese)
Zhang N, Zheng Q, Elbaz K, Xu YS (2020) Water inrush hazards in the Chaoyang Tunnel, Guizhou, China: A preliminary investigation. Water 12(4):1083, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041083
Zheng YC, He SY, Yu Y, Zheng JY, Zhu Y, Liu T (2021) Characteristics, challenges and countermeasures of giant karst cave: A case study of Yujingshan tunnel in high-speed railway. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 114:103988, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103988
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52178388), the National Key Basic Research and Development Plan (973 Plan) Project (Grant No. 2013CB036001), the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (Grant No. 212102310292), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (Grant No. 212300410146), the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures (Grant No. KF2020-21), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province (Grant No. NSFRF210337), the Opening Project of Henan Key Laboratory of Underground Engineering and Disaster Prevention (Henan Polytechnic University) (Grant No. KFKT 2021-01), the Doctoral Fund of Henan Polytechnic University (Grant No. B2020-41).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, X., Wang, T., Xu, Z. et al. Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Intermittent Water and Mud Inrush Caused by Dredging and Rainfall Considering Sedimentary Characteristics in Karst Tunnels. KSCE J Civ Eng 27, 2016–2029 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-1837-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-1837-7