Abstract
The water and mud inrush due to particle migration of a filling medium in a fault is a common disaster in tunnel engineering. To study the hydraulic properties of the filling medium during the water and mud inrush such as the total mass of flushed particles, water inflow, porosity, and permeability, a series of experiments were conducted in a self-designed experimental system under different water pressures, clay contents, and filling medium dry densities. The results showed that particle migration played an important role in increasing the porosity and permeability of the filling medium. The process of water and mud inrush can be categorized into three stages: (a) slow flow stage, (b) catastrophic flow stage, and (c) steady flow stage. The change of water clarity from turbid to clear and the constant total mass of the flushed particles can be regarded as precursor information to forecast the water and mud inrush disaster. Furthermore, filling medium with lower clay content, lower soil dry density, and higher water pressure will achieve a higher total mass of flushed particles, water inflow, porosity, and permeability at the completion of the test. These results can help improve understanding of the hydraulic properties of water and mud inrush through particle migration of a filling medium in a fault, thereby improving the forecasting of such events.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aliabadian Z, Sharafisafa M, Nazemi M, Khamene AR (2015) Numerical analyses of tunnel collapse and slope stability assessment under different filling material loadings: a case study. Arab J of Geosci 8:1229–1242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1286-1
Bendahmane F, Marot D, Alexis A (2008) Experimental parametric study of suffusion and backward erosion. J Geotech Geoenviron 134:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:1(57)
Erhard P, Etling D, Muller U, Riedel U, Sreenivasan KR, Warnatz J (2009)Prandtl-essentials of fluid mechanics, 3rd edition. Springer Science & Business Media.
Fleshman MS, Rice JD (2013) Constant gradient piping test apparatus for evaluation of critical hydraulic conditions for the initiation of piping. Geotech Test J 36:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20130066
Forchheimer P (1901) Wasserbewegung durch boden. Zeitz Vereines Deutsch Ingenieure 45:1782–1788
Fraldi M, Guarracino F (2010) Analytical solutions for collapse mechanisms in tunnels with arbitrary cross sections. Int J Solids Struct 47:216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.09.028
Guo JQ, Qian Y, Chen JX, Chen F (2019) The minimum safe thickness and catastrophe process for water inrush of a karst tunnel face with multi fractures. Processes 7:686. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100686
He BG, Zhang XW, Li HP (2019) Ground load on tunnels built using new Austrian tunneling method: study of a tunnel passing through highly weathered sandstone. B Eng Geol Environ 78:6221–6234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01499-x
Hencher SR (2019) The Glendoe Tunnel collapse in Scotland. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:4033–4055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01812-w
Holmøy KH, Nilsen B (2014) Significance of geological parameters for predicting water inflow in hard rock tunnels. Rock Mech Rock Engineering 47:853–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0384-9
Hu H, Zhang BW, Zuo YY, Zhang CM, Wang YZ, Guo Z (2017) The mechanism and numerical simulation analysis of water bursting in filling karst tunnel. Geotech Geol Eng 36:1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0386-6
Indraratna B, Radampola S (2002) Analysis of critical hydraulic gradient for particle movement in filtration. J Geotechand Geoenviron Eng 128:347–350. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:4(347)
Kenney T, Lau D (1985) Internal stability of granular filters. Can Geotech J 22:215–225. https://doi.org/10.1139/t85-029
Liang DX, Jiang ZQ, Zhu SY, Sun Q, Qian ZW (2016) Experimental research on water inrush in tunnel construction. Nat Hazards 81:467–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2090-2
Li SC, Liu H, Li LP, Zhang QQ, Wang K (2016) Large scale three- dimensional seepage analysis model test and numerical simulation research on undersea tunnel. Appl Ocean Res 59:510–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.07.013
Li SC, Xu ZH, Huang X, Li P, Zhao XC, Zhang QS, Yang L, Zhang X, Sun HF, Pan DD (2018) Classification, geological identification, hazard mode and typical case studies of hazard-causing structures for water and mud inrush in tunnels. J Rock Mech Eng 37:6–34 (in Chinese)
Li SC, Gao CL, Zhou ZQ, Li LP, Wang MX, Yuan YC, Wang J (2019) Analysis on the precursor information of water inrush in karst tunnels: a true triaxial model test study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:373–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1582-2
Li TZ, Yang XL (2017) Risk assessment model for water and mud inrush in deep and long tunnels based on normal grey cloud clustering method. KSCE J Civ Eng 22:1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0553-6
Liu JQ, Chen WZ, Yuan JQ, Li CJ, Zhang QY, Li XF (2018) Groundwater control and curtain grouting for tunnel construction in completely weathered granite. B Eng Geol Environ 77:515–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1003-x
Liu JQ, Chen WZ, Nie W, Yuan JQ, Dong JL (2019a) Experimental research on the mass transfer and flow properties of water inrush in completely weathered granite under different particle size distributions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:2141–2153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1719-3
Liu YM, Xia YP, Lu H, Xiong ZM (2019b) Risk control technology for water inrush during the construction of deep, long tunnels. Math Probl Eng. 2019:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3070576
Ma D, Miao XX, Jiang GH, Bai HB, Chen ZQ (2014) An experimental investigation of permeability measurement of water flow in crushed rocks. Transport Porous Med 105:571–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-014-0385-5
Ma D, Rezania M, Yu HS, Bai HB (2017) Variations of hydraulic properties of granular sandstones during water inrush: effect of small particle migration. Transport Porous Med 105:571–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-014-0385-5
Mitschele J (1996)Beer-Lambert Law. J Che Educ 73:A260. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed073pA260.3
Moffat RA, Fannin RJ (2006) A large permeameter for study of internal stability in cohesionless soils. Geotech Test J 29:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ100021
Moffat RA, Fannin RJ (2011) A hydromechanical relation governing internal stability of cohesionless soil. Can Geotech J 48:413–424. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-070
Moraci N, Mandaglio MC, Ielo D (2014) Analysis of the internal stability of granular soils using different methods. Can Geotech J 51:1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0006
Simpson B, Tatsuoka F (2008) Geotechnics: the next 60 years. Geotechnique 58:357–368. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.D.015
Skempton AW, Brogan JM (1994) Experiments on piping in sandy gravels. Géotechnique 44:449–460. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1994.44.3.449
Stephenson D (1979)Rockfill in hydraulic engineering. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Eompany
Richards KS, Reddy KR (2012) Experimental investigation of initiation of backward erosion piping in soils. Géotechnique 62:933–942. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.11.P.058
Wan CF, Fell R (2008) Assessing the potential of internal instability and suffusion in embankment dams and their foundations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 134:401–407. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:3(401)
Xu ZH, Huang X, Li SC, Li P, Shi XS, Wu J (2019) A new slice-based method for calculating the minimum safe thickness for a filled-type karst cave. B Eng Geol Environ 81:467–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01609-9
Zhao Y, Li PF, Tian SM (2013) Prevention and treatment technologies of railway tunnel water inrush and mud gushing in China. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 5:468–477 (in Chinese)
Zhang QS, Jiang QC, Zhang X, Wang DM (2019) Model test on development characteristics and displacement variation of water and mud inrush on tunnel in fault fracture zone. Nat Hazards 99:467–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03753-7
Zhou ZQ, Ranjith PG, Li SC (2017) Criteria for assessment internal stability of granular soil. P I Civil Eng-Geotech 170:73–83. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.15.00165
Zhou ZQ, Ranjith PG, Yang WM, Shi SS, Wei CC, Li ZH (2019) A new set of scaling relationships for DEM-CFD simulations of fluid–solid coupling problems in saturated and cohesiveless granular soils. Comput. Part Mech 6:657–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-019-00246-z
Acknowledgements
Much of the work presented in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51879148, 51991391, U1806226) and the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong (2019GSF111030).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, M., Yang, W., Zhou, Z. et al. Experimental research on the effect of particle migration of a filling medium in a fault during water and mud inrush. Arab J Geosci 14, 2206 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08438-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08438-9