Abstract
This study investigates the seismic stability of reinforced slope under a three-dimensional (3D) rotational horn-like failure mechanism, using the pseudo-dynamic approach and provides a new procedure to estimate factor of safety (FS) for slope. Such a procedure is able to figure out the influences of the seismic force, the soil property and the reinforcement by piles. Pseudo-dynamic approach is used to describe the seismic force in the time-to-spatial fields in unsaturated soils where matric suction works. Compared to the pseudo-static approach, the current approach considers the effects of time and spatial through the horizontal and vertical shear waves. For the pile driving, different insertion depths can yield various results, whether two work conditions of considering the pile resistance or not are discussed. FS of this study undergoes a decrement as the increase of the pile resistance and seismic force, indicating that the insertion depth affects FS where FS decreases in the early period of pile driving, after that increases and keeps constant in the late of pile driving, showing evident unimodal characteristics during the pile driving. The new expressions for slope reinforced by piles are presented for practical use in unsaturated soil engineering.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anagnostou G (2012) The contribution of horizontal arching to tunnel face stability. Geotechnik 35(1):34–44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gete.201100024
Ausilio E, Conte E, Dente G (2001) Stability analysis of slopes reinforced with piles. Computers and Geotechnics 28(8):591–611, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(01)00013-1
Bray JD, Macedo J (2019) Procedure for estimating shear-induced seismic slope displacement for shallow crustal earthquakes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 145(12): 04019106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002143
Bray JD, Travasarou T (2007) Simplified procedure for estimating earthquake-induced deviatoric slope displacements. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133(4):381–392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:4(381)
Bray JD, Travasarou T (2009) Pseudostatic coefficient for use in simplified seismic slope stability evaluation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135(9):1336–1340, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000012
Cai F, Ugai K (2000) Numerical analysis of the stability of a slope reinforced with piles. Soils and Foundations 40(1):73–84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.73
Chai JC, Khaimook P (2020) Prediction of soil-water characteristic curves using basic soil properties. Transportation Geotechnics 22:100295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100295
Chen JY, Eduardo EA, Gu C, Cao ZG, Cai YQ (2018) Long term cyclic behavior of unsaturated granular soils. Transportation Geotechnics 17:48–55, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2018.06.001
Eshraghi A, Zare S (2015) Face stability evaluation of a TBM-driven tunnel in heterogeneous soil using a probabilistic approach. International Journal of Geomechanics 15(6):04014095, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000452
Fan XY (2007) Study of sinking-resistance and compaction effect of static-press pile. PhD, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Fredlund DG, Xing A, Fredlund MD, Barbour SL (1996) The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil-water characteristic curve. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33(3):440–448, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-065
Gao YF, Ye M, Zhang F (2015) Three-dimensional analysis of slopes reinforced with piles. Journal of Central South University 22(6): 2322–2327, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2757-6
Ghazavi M, Tavasoli O (2012) Characteristics of non-uniform cross-section piles in drivability. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 43:287–299, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.07.017
Ghosh P (2008) Seismic active earth pressure behind a nonvertical retaining wall using pseudo-dynamic analysis. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45(1):117–123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-071
Hou CT, Yang XL (2022) 3D stability analysis of tunnel face with influence of unsaturated transient flow. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 123:104414, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104414
Khalili N, Khabbaz MH (1998) A unique relationship for χ for the determination of the shear strength of unsaturated soils. Géotechnique 48(5):681–687, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.5.681
Li XP, He SM, Wu Y (2010) Seismic displacement of slopes reinforced with piles. Journal of Geotechnical Geoenvironmental Engineering 136(6):880–884, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000296
Li YX, Hu YN, Huang F, Li SQ, Sun ZB (2021) A novel method for the stability assessment of soil slopes with multi-layers based on the upper bound limit analysis. KSCE Journal of civil Engineering 25:2855–2864, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1170-y
Li TZ, Yang XL (2019) An efficient uniform design for Kriging-based response surface method and its application. Computers and Geotechnics 109:12–22, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.01.009
Lu N, Godt JW, Wu DT (2010) A closed-form equation for effective stress in unsaturated soil. Water Resources Research 46(5):W05515, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008646
Luo WJ, Yang XL (2018) 3D stability of shallow cavity roof with arbitrary profile under influence of pore water pressure. Geomechanics and Engineering 16(6):569–575, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.6.569
Michalowski RL, Drescher A (2009) Three-dimensional stability of slopes and excavations. Géotechnique 59(10):839–850, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.136
Nadi B, Tavasoli O, Esfeh PK, Kontoni DPN (2020) Characteristics of spatial variability of shear wave velocity on seismic response of slopes. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13(16):800, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05797-7
Nadi B, Tavasoli O, Kontoni DPN, Tadayon A (2019) Investigation of rock slope stability under pore-water pressure and structural anisotropy by the discrete element method. Geomechanics and Geoengineering 16(6):452–464, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.1680879
Perazzelli P, Leone T, Anagnostou G (2014) Tunnel face stability under seepage flow conditions. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 43:459–469, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.03.001
Santhoshkumar G, Priyanka G, Akira M (2019) Seismic active resistance of a tilted cantilever retaining wall considering adaptive failure mechanism. International Journal of Geomechanics 19(8):04019086, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001470
Tavasoli O, Ghazavi, M (2018) Wave propagation and ground vibrations due to non-uniform cross-sections piles driving. Computers and Geotechnics 104:13–21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.010
Tavasoli O, Ghazavi M (2019) Driving behavior of stepped and tapered offshore piles due to hammer blows. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 38(6):1–14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1609631
Yang XL, Huang F (2011) Collapse mechanism of shallow tunnel based on nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 26(6):686–691, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.05.008
Yang XL, Wang JM (2011) Ground movement prediction for tunnels using simplified procedure. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 26(3):462–471, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.01.002
Yang XL, Yin JH (2004) Slope stability analysis with nonlinear failure criterion. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 130(3):267–273, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:3(267)
Yang XL, Yin JH (2005) Upper bound solution for ultimate bearing capacity with a modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 42(4):550–560, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.03.002
Zhang DB, Sun WC, Wang CY, Yu BA (2021) Reliability analysis of seismic stability of shield tunnel face under multiple correlated failure modes. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 18:103562, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-2174-3
Zhong JH, Yang XL (2021) Pseudo-dynamic stability of rock slope considering Hoek-Brown strength criterion. Acta Geotechnica, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01425-0
Acknowledgments
Not Applicable
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wei, Jj., Liao, H., Liu, Ll. et al. Seismic Factor of Safety for 3D Reinforced Soil Slope with Piles under Unsaturated Condition. KSCE J Civ Eng 26, 3789–3802 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1711-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1711-z