Abstract
The cut-and-cover tunnel (CCT) construction scheme has led to the popularity of high-filled cut-and-cover tunnel (HFCCT). HFCCT possesses a backfilling height of 30–50 m. However, such a high soil column produces a large force on the structure and the structure is prone to crack, causing structural damage and difficulty in normal use. In order to provide a reference for the structural safety assessment of HFCCT, we conducted a similarity model test to study the variation law of the development of crack, displacement, and internal force of HFCCT with a coefficient of λ (the ratio of the backfilling height to the height of the cut-and-cover tunnel). In the test, a 1:20 similar scale CCT model with slope angle 70° and groove width ratio 1 was built using data from the HFCCT on the Lanyu Line. The backfilling process on site was simulated in a simulation box (360 cm long, 120 cm wide and 209 cm high). A numerical model was also built using PFC2D to verify the accuracy of the model test and further explain the crack formation mechanism of the HFCCT from a microscopic perspective. The results show that with the increase of the coefficient of λ, the bearing stage of the CCT can be roughly divided into three stages: steady growth stage, rapid growth stage, and accelerated growth stage. Furthermore, the development of cracks is closely related to the displacement and internal force of the CCT. The larger the displacement of the CCT, the greater the instability of the structure and the larger the ratio of the bending moment to the internal force, which causes the crack to develop faster.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Areias P, Rabczuk T (2013) Finite strain fracture of plates and shells with configurational forces and edge rotation. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 94(12):1099, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.4477
Areias P, Rabczuk T, Dias-Da-Costa D (2013) Element-wise fracture algorithm based on rotation of edges. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 110:113–117, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech2013.06.006
Bernard ES (2004) Shotcrete: More engineering developments. Proceedings of the second international conference on engineering developments in shotcrete, October 4–6, Cairns, Australia
Bhandari A, Han J (2010) Investigation of geotextile-soil interaction under a cyclic vertical load using the discrete element method. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 28(1):33–43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.09.005
Chen JS, Mo H (2009) Numerical study on crack problems in segments of shield tunnel using finite element method. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 24(1):91–102, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.05.007
Chiaia B, Fantilli AP, Vallini P (2007) Evaluation of minimum reinforcement ratio in FRC members and application to tunnel linings. Materials and Structures 40(6):593–604, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9166-0
Chuan H, Chuankun L, Shimin W, Junbo Z, Yiyue L, Yiyu M (2018) Influence of crack number on mechanical properties of shield tunnel segment structure. China Journal of Highway Transportation 31(10):214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7372.2018.10.020 (in Chinese)
Cui G, Cui J, Fang Y, Chen Z, Wang H (2019) Scaled model tests on segmental linings of shield tunnels under earth and water pressures. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.18.00076
Fang Y, Fan J, Kenneally B, Mooney MA (2016a) Air flow behavior and gas dispersion in the recirculation ventilation system of a twin-tunnel construction. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 58:30–39, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.04.006
Fang Y, Guo J, Grasmick J, Mooney MA (2016b) The effect of external water pressure on the liner behavior of large cross-section tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 60:80–95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.07.009
Fang Y, Xu C, Cui G, Kenneally B (2016c) Scale model test of highway tunnel construction underlying mined-out thin coal seam. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 56:105–116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.03.007
Guttler U, Stoffers U (1988) Investigation of the deformation and collapse behaviour of circular lined tunnels in centrifuge model tests. In: Taylor RN (ed) Centrifuges in soil mechanics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 183–186
Kashima Y, Kondo N, Inoue M (1996) Development and application of the dplex shield method: Results of experiments using shield and segment models and application of the method in tunnel construction. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 11(1):45–50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(96)00053-3
Lai H, Zheng J, Zhang J, Zhang R Cui L (2014) DEM analysis of “soil”-arching within geogrid-reinforced and unreinforced pile-supported embankments. Computers and Geotechnics 61:13–23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.04.007
Li S, Ho I, Ma L, Yao Y, Wang C (2019a) Load reduction on high-filled cut-and-cover tunnel using discrete element method. Computers and Geotechnics 114:103149, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103149
Li S, Ma L, Ho I, Wang Q, Yu B, Zhou P (2019b) Modification of vertical earth pressure formulas for high fill cut-and-cover tunnels using experimental and numerical methods. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019:1–19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8257157
Li S, Yao YX, Ho I, Ma L, Wang QC, Zhou P (2019c) Vertical earth pressure design for high-filled cut-and-cover tunnels. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 56(3):184–190, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-019-09588-5
Liang J, Nie X, Masud M, Li J, Mo YL (2017) A study on the simulation method for fatigue damage behavior of reinforced concrete structures. Engineering Structures 150:25–38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.001
Mingnian W, Yuanyuan X, Li Y, Rayong (2017) Dynamic mechanical property of new type of high fill open cut tunnel with bi-layer lining considering foundation stiffness. China Railway Science 38(1):68–76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2017.01.10
Mo H, Chen JS (2008) Study on inner force and dislocation of segments caused by shield machine attitude. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 23(3):281–291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.06.007
Rabczuk T, Belytschko T (2004) Cracking particles: A simplified meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 61(13):2316–2343, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1151
Rabczuk T, Zi G, Bordas S, Hung N (2010) A simple and robust three-dimensional cracking-particle method without enrichment. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 199:2437–2455, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2010.03.031
Ren HL, Zhuang XY, Rabczuk T (2017) Dual-horizon peridynamics: A stable solution to varying horizons. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 318:762–782, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2016.12.031
Ren HL, Zhuang XY, Rabczuk T, Cai YC (2016) Dual-horizon peridynamics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 108:1451–1476, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.5257
Sheng L, Bin Z, Chuan H, Huan W, Qicai W, Mary (2019) Analysis on influence of load reduction of EPS board on internal force and thickness of lining structure of high fill loess open cut tunnel in wide and flat area. China Railway Science 40(1):17–23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2019.01.03 (in Chinese)
Shimin W, Qingyang Y, Bloomberg, Guowen X (2016) A model test for the progressive failure mechanism of lining segment structure of underwater shield tunnels. China Civil Engineering Journal 49(4):117, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2016.04.012 (in Chinese)
Wang YS, Zhang KY, Tang JH, Liang D (2011) Model test research of the influences of rock-fall impaction on accelerations of the cut-and-cover tunnel structure. Applied Mechanics and Materials 117–119:206–211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/wwwscientific.net/AMM.117-119.206
Yazdani S, Schreyer HL (1990) Combined plasticity and damage mechanics model for plain concrete. Journal of Engineering Mechanics-ASCE 116(7):1435–1450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1990)116:7(1435)
Yue Q, Kun F, Chuan H, Suang, Kun L (2019) Local prototype failure test on staggered assembled segmental lining for shield tunnel. China Civil Engineering Journal 52(4):102, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2019.04.009 (in Chinese)
Zhou SW, Rabczuk T, Zhuang XY (2018a) Phase field modeling of quasi-static and dynamic crack propagation: COMSOL implementation and case studies. Advances in Engineering Software 122:31–49, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2018.03.012
Zhou SW, Zhuang XY, Rabczuk T (2018b) A phase-field modeling approach of fracture propagation in poroelastic media. Engineering Geology 240:189–203, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.008
Zhou SW, Zhuang XY, Rabczuk T (2019a) Phase-field modeling of fluid-driven dynamic cracking in porous media. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 350:169–198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.03.001
Zhou SW, Zhuang XY, Rabczuk T (2019b) Phase field modeling of brittle compressive-shear fractures in rock-like materials: A new driving force and a hybrid formulation. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 355:729–752, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.06.021
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFC0802205) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 51578460).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhuo, B., Wang, F., Fang, Y. et al. Analysis of Cracking Development and Mechanical Characteristics of High-Filled Cut-and-Cover Tunnel. KSCE J Civ Eng 24, 2519–2532 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0247-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0247-3