Abstract
To make comparison between classic necking stress solution Bridgman formula and ChenChi formula, the difference of necking surface profile assumptions in these two formulas were discussed theoretically. Then, the uniaxial tension experiment on 16 groups of carbon structural steels Q235 and Q345 were carried out at room temperature. Associate with the necking displacement measured by Aramis optical dynamic 3D strain measurement system, the parameter equation of necking surface profile was determined. The comparison results indicate that ChenChi formula is more accurate than Bridgman formula in calculating the necking stress distribution. Furthermore, to overcome the difficulty of measuring the radius curvature R in these formulas, an empirical formula of the geometric dimensions in the necking section was applied and the parameter was corrected based on the necking strain measured by Aramis system. As a result, the obtained equation in this study can provide an improved calculation method for the analysis of three-dimensional stress in necking and a reference for future research on the necking and ductile fracture of structural steels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aretz, H. (2007). “Numerical analysis of diffuse and localized necking in orthotropic sheet metals.” International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 798–840, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2006.07.005.
Bae, D. (2004). “Experimental study on fatigue strength of in-plane welded gusset joints.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 89–93, DOI: 10.1007/BF02829085.
Besson, J., Cailletaud, G., Chaboche, J. L., and Forest, S. (2010). “Non-Linear mechanics of materials.” Solid Mechanics & Its Applications, Vol. 167, No. 12, pp. 341–369, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3356-7.
Bridgman, P. W. (1964). Studies in large plastic flow and fracture, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674731349.
Cabezas, E. E. and Celentano, D. J. (2004). “Experimental and numerical analysis of the tensile test using sheet specimens.” Finite Elements in Analysis & Design, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 555–575, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-874X (03) 00096–9.
Chen, C. (1978). Study on metal fracture, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, pp. 169–188.
Chen, J. L., Li, Z. X., Shu, W., and Li, J. (2015). “Experimental study on dynamic mechanical behavior of Q345 steel under different strain rates.” Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1145–1150, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0505.2015.06.022.
Di Sarno, L., Elnashai, A. S., and Nethercot, D. A. (2003). “Seismic performance assessment of stainless steel frames.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 59, No. 10, pp. 1289–1319, DOI: 10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00067-1.
Di Sarno, L., Elnashai, A. S., and Nethercot, D. A. (2008). “Seismic response of stainless steel braced frames.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 914–925, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.01.027.
Elnashai, A. S. and Di Sarno, L. (2008). “Fundamentals of earthquake engineering.” Wiley and Sons, DOI: 10.1002/9780470024867.ch2.
Erice, B. and Gálvez, F. (2014). “A coupled elastoplastic-damage constitutive model with Lode angle dependent failure criterion.” International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 93–110, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.09.015.
Gao, X., Zhang, G., and Roe, C. (2009). “A study on the effect of the stress state on ductile fracture.” International Journal of Damage Mechanics, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 75–94, DOI: 10.1177/1056789509101917.
Gautam, S. S., Babu, R., and Dixit, P. M. (2010). “Ductile fracture simulation in the taylor rod impact test using continuum damage mechanics.” International Journal of Damage Mechanics, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 347–369, DOI: 10.1177/1056789509357119.
Gromada, M., Mishuris, G., and Öchsner, A. (2011). Correction formulae for the stress distribution in round tensile specimens at neck presence, Springer, Berlin, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22134-7.
Hahn, G. T. and Rosenfield, A. R. (1975). “Metallurgical factors affecting fracture toughness of aluminum alloys.” Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 653–668, DOI: 10.1007/BF02672285.
Jiang, W. (2016). Study of ductile fracture based on meso-damage mechanisms, PhD Thesis, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China.
Joun, M., Choi, I., Eom, J., and Lee, M. (2008). “Finite element analysis of tensile testing with emphasis on necking.” Computational Materials Science, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 63–69, DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2007.03.002.
Kim, S. and Lee, J. (2000). “Use of modal testing to identify damage on steel members.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 75–82, DOI: 10.1007/BF02830820.
Li, Z. H., Shi, J. P., and Tang, A. M. (2013). “Experimental verification and analysis for Bridgman formula.” Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 4, pp. 488–492, DOI: 10.11776/cjam.30.04.B112.
Liang, X. (2010). “Localization conditions and diffused necking for damage plastic solids.” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 77, No. 8, pp. 1275–1297, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.12.008.
Ling, Y. (2004). “Uniaxial true stress-strain after necking.” Amp Incorporated Amp Journal of Technology, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 37–48.
Mazloom, M. (2013). “Incorporation of steel frames in masonry buildings for reduction of earthquake-induced life loss.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 736–745, DOI: 10.1007/s12205-013-0085-7.
Peter, W. H. (1982). “Digital imaging technique in experimental stress analysis.” Optical Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 427–431, DOI: 10.1117/12.7972925.
Roy, G. L., Embury, J. D., Edwards, G., and Ashby, M. F. (1981). “A model of ductile fracture based on the nucleation and growth of voids.” Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 1509–1522, DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(81)90185-1.
Sarno, L. D., Elnashai, A. S., and Nethercot, D. A. (2003). “Seismic performance assessment of stainless steel frames.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 59, No. 10, pp. 1289–1319, DOI: 10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00067-1.
Senthil, K., Iqbal, M. A., Chandel, P. S., and Gupta, N. K. (2017). “Study of the constitutive behavior of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy.” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 108, pp. 171–190, DOI: 10.1016 /j.ijimpeng.2017.05.002.
Shin, H. S., Park, K. T., Lee, C. H., and Do, V. N. V. (2015). “Low temperature impact toughness of structural steel welds with different welding processes.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 1431–1437, DOI: 10.1007/s12205-015-0042-8.
The Standardization Administration of China (2011). GBT228.1-2010 Metailic materials-Tensile testing-Part 1: Methord of test at room temperature, Standards Press of China, Beijing.
Tao, H., Zhang, N., and Tong, W. (2009). “An iterative procedure for determining effective stress–strain curves of sheet metals.” International Journal of Mechanics & Materials in Design, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 13–27, DOI: 10.1007/s10999-008-9082-2.
Yamaguchi, I. (2000). “A laser-speckle strain gauge.” Journal of Physics E Scientific Instruments, Vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 1270–1273, DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/14/11/012.
Ye, Y. (1986). “Necking analysis of a cylindrical bar based on the line of segregation.” Acta Mechanica Sinica, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 48–58.
Zhang, Y. and Han L. (2014). The basis of micro-mechanics, Science Press, Beijing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dong, S., Xian, A., Mohamed, H.S. et al. A Simplified Analytical Solution for the Necking Semi-empirical Stresses based on Aramis System. KSCE J Civ Eng 23, 268–279 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-0307-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-0307-0