Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Parental and Teachers’ Regard as Mediators of the Effect of Girls’ Delinquency on Hope

  • Published:
Child Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Adolescents’ loss of hope due to delinquency is a key to help them desist from delinquency. An explanation for the loss comes from social integration theory, which suggests that parental regard and teachers’ regard for the girl mediate the effect of delinquency on the girl’s hope. Regarding the explanation, the study surveyed 622 girls engaged in youth services in Hong Kong, China. Results revealed that the girl’s escapist delinquency (e.g., runaway, truancy, and substance abuse) committed in the previous 3 months had a negative effect on hope, through mediation by parental regard and teachers’ regard perceived. These results support the principle of restorative justice about the import of the regard for delinquents’ rehabilitation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abela, J. R. Z., Sakellaropoulo, M., & Taxel, E. (2007). Integrating two subtypes of depression: psychodynamic theory and its relation to hopelessness depression in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27, 363–385.

  • Adair, S. (2008). Status and solidarity: a reformulation of early Durkheimian theory. Sociological Inquiry, 78, 97–120.

  • Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., & Lentz, E. (2006). Mentoring behaviors and mentorship quality associated with formal mentoring programs: chasing the gap between research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 567–578.

  • Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2006). Authoritarian parenting style in Asian Societies: a cluster-analytic investigation. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28, 131–151.

  • Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J. A., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44, 997–1011.

  • Assor, A., Roth, G. I., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: a self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47–88.

  • Augustyn, M. B., & McGloin, J. M. (2013). The risk of informal socializing with peers: considering gender differences across predatory delinquency and substance use. Justice Quarterly, 30, 117–143.

  • Barnet-Verzat, C., & Wolff, F.-C. (2002). Motives for pocket money allowance and family incentives. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 339–366.

  • Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2015). The agency line: a neoliberal metric for appraising young women’s sexuality. Sex Roles.

  • Bernat, F. P. (2009). Youth resilience: can schools enhance youth factors for hope, optimism, and success? Women and Criminal Justice, 19, 251–266.

  • Bolland, J. M. (2003). Hopelessness and risk behaviour among adolescents living in high-poverty inner-city neighbourhoods. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 145–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, J. (2002). Setting standards for restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 563–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. (2006). Understanding interaction models: improving empirical analyses. Political Analysis, 14, 63–82.

  • Chan, K., & Cheng, Y. (2012). Portrayal of females in magazine advertisements in Hong Kong. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 22, 78–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L., Lei, L., Li, K. K., Liu, H., Guo, B., Wang, Y., & Tung, K. Y. (2005). Peer acceptance and self-perception of verbal and behavioral aggression and social withdrawal. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 48–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chau, R. C. M., & Yu, Sam, W. K. (2013). Defamilisation of twenty-two countries: its implications for the study of east asian welfare regime. Social Policy & Society, 12, 355–367.

  • Cheung, N. W. T., & Cheung, Y. W. (2006). Is Hong Kong experiencing normalization of adolescent drug use? Some reflections on the normalization thesis. Substance Use & Misuse, 41, 967–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, O. H. C. (2012). An empirical investigation of social bonds and juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41, 371–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2003). Differential effects of support providers on adolescents’ mental health. Social Work Research, 27, 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cusick, L. (2002). Youth prostitution: a literature review. Child Abuse Review, 11, 230–251.

  • Cutler, D. M., Glaeser, E. L., & Norberg, K. E. (2001). Explaining the rise in youth suicide. In J. Gruber (Ed.), Risky behavior among youth: an economic analysis (pp. 219–269). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Defoe, I. N., Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (2013). Disentangling the relationship between delinquency and hyperactivity, low achievement, depression, and low socioeconomic status: analysis of repeated longitudinal data. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 100–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, M. (2004). Social youth entrepreneurship: the potential for youth and community transformation. Westport, CT: Praeger.

  • Drummond, H. J., Bolland, M., & Harris, W. A. (2011). Becoming violent: evaluating the mediating effect of hopelessness on the code of the street thesis. Deviant Behavior, 32, 191–223.

  • Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. L. (2008). Endangered girls and incendiary objects: unpacking the discourse on sexualization. Sexuality and Culture, 12, 291–311.

  • Eremsoy, C. E., Celimli, S., & Gencoz, T. (2005). Students under academic stress in a Turkish university: variables associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Current Psychology, 24, 123–133.

  • Espelage, D. L., Wasserman, S., & Fleisher, M. (2007). Social networks and violent behavior. In D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, & I. D. Waldman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 450–464). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2009). Reducing school bullying: evidence-based implications for policy. Crime and Justice, 38, 281–346.

  • Fauth, R. C., Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). Does the neighborhood context alter the link between youth after school time activities and developmental outcomes? A multilevel analysis. Developmental Psychology, 43, 760–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2010). Acquiescence as a source of bias and model and personal misfit: a theoretical and empirical analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63, 427–448.

  • Florentine, J. B., & Crane, C. (2010). Suicide prevention by limiting access to methods: a review of theory and practice. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1626–1632.

  • Flowers, R. B. (2001). Runaway kids and teenage prostitution: America’s lost, abandoned, and sexually exploited children. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Developmental benefits of extracurricular involvement: do peer characteristics mediate the link between activities and youth outcomes? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 507–520.

  • French, D. C., Eisenberg, N., Vaughan, J., Purwono, U., & Suryanti, T. A. (2008). Religious involvement and the social competence and adjustment of Indonesia Muslim adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44, 597–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, K. K. (2014). Financial crisis and the developmental states: a case study of Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Welfare, 23, 321–332.

  • Gault-Sherman, M. (2012). It’s a two-way street: the bidirectional relationship between parenting and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 121–145.

  • Glanville, J. L., Sikkink, D., & Harnandez, E. L. (2008). Religious involvement and educational outcomes: the role of social capital and extracurricular participation. Sociological Quarterly, 49, 105–137.

  • Goff, B. G., & Goddard, A. W. (1999). Terminal care values: associated with adolescent problem behaviors. Adolescence, 34, 47–60.

  • Gordon, K. (2008). Tightening the ship or slowly sinking? Reshaping teachers’ work conditions. Research in the Sociology of Education, 16, 103–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gore, S., & Aseltine, R. H., Jr. (1995). Protective processes in adolescence: matching stressors with social resources. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 301–327.

  • Grossman, K. E., Grossmann, K., Winter, M., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). Attachment relationships and appraisal of partnership: from early experience of sensitive support to later relationship representation. In L. Pulkkinen & A. Caspi (Eds.), Paths to successful development: personality in the life course (pp. 73–105). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Gullone, E., Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (2006). The role of attachment representation in the relationship between symptomatology and school withdrawal in middle childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 271–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallfors, D., Vevea, J. L., Iritani, B., Cho, H., Khatapoush, S., & Saxe, L. (2002). Truancy, grade point average and sexual activity: a meta-analysis of risk indicators for youth substance use. Journal of School Health, 72, 205–211.

  • Han, Y., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2012). Parenting and youth psychosocial well-being in South Korea using fixed-effects models. Journal of Family Issues, 34, 689–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, C. (1998). Parental sanctions and delinquent behavior: toward clarification of Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming. Theoretical Criminology, 2, 419–443.

  • Hay, C., Meldrum, R., & Mann, K. (2010). Traditional bullying, cyber bullying, and deviance: a general strain theory approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26, 130–147.

  • Hayaki, J., Hagerty, C. E., Herman, D. S., de Dios, M. A., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D. (2010). Expectancies and marijuana use frequency and severity among young females. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 995–1000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hein, V., Koka, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Relationships between perceived teachers’ controlling behaviour, psychological need thwarting, anger and bullying behaviour in high-school students. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. P., & Miller, A. S. (1998). A latent variable analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 83–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. L., & Bedford, O. (2003). Precursors and pathways to adolescent prostitution in Taiwan. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 201–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kember, D. (2011). More can mean less motivation: applying a motivational orientation framework to the expanded entry into higher education in Hong Kong. Studies in Higher Education, 36, 209–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerpelman, J. L., & Smith-Adcock, S. (2005). Female adolescents’ delinquent activity: the interaction of bonds to parents and reputation enhancement. Youth & Society, 37, 176–200.

  • Knoester, C. (2003). Transitions in young adulthood and the relationship between parent and offspring well-being. Social Forces, 81, 1431–1458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton, A. R., & Latkin, C. A. (2007). Network financial support and conflict as predictors of depressive symptoms among a highly disadvantaged population. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 13–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczynsbi, L., & Parkin, C. M. (2007). Agency and directionality in socialization: interactions, transactions, and relational dialectics. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: theory and research (pp. 259–283). New York: Guilford.

  • Landis, D., Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Malinowski, S. L., Grant, K. E., Carleton, R. A., & Ford, R. E. (2007). Urban adolescent stress and hopelessness. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 1051–1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, F. W. L. (2013). Effective Intervention with Youth-at-risk in Hong Kong. Journal of Social Work Practice, 27, 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, F. W. L., & Chung, I. W. K. (2009). Understanding risky sexual behavior of female youth-at-risk in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work & Development, 19, 50–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leflot, G., van Lier, P. A. C., Verschueren, K., Onghena, P., & Colpin, H. (2011). Transactional associations among teacher support, peer social preference, and child externalizing behavior: a four-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40, 87–99.

  • Li, J. C. M. (2012a). Violence against Chinese female sex workers in Hong Kong: from understanding to prevention. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 613–631.

  • Li, K. W. (2012b). Economic freedom: Lessons of Hong Kong. Singapore: World Scientific.

  • Loh, C., & Foong, K. (2005). Hong Kong as a world city: assessing its attractiveness to global talent. Hong Kong: Civic Exchange.

  • Lopez, F. G., Ramos, K., Nisenbaum, M., Thind, N., & Ortiz-Rodriguez, T. (2014). Predicting the presence and search for life meaning: test of an attachment theory-driven model. Journal of Happiness Studies.

  • Magura, S., Laudet, A., Kang, S. Y., & Whitney, S. A. (1999). Effectiveness of comprehensive services for crack-dependent mothers with newborns and young children. Journal of Psychoactive Drug, 31, 321–338.

  • Marazyan, K. (2011). Effects of a sibship extension to father children on children’s school environment: a sibling rivalry analysis for Indonesia. Journal of Development Studies, 47, 497–518.

  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, B., & Hubbard, D. J. (2008). Moving ahead: five essential elements for working effectively with girls. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 494–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCrystal, P., Percy, A., & Higgins, K. (2006). Drug use patterns and behaviours of young people at an increased risk of drug use during adolescence. International Journal of Drug Policy, 17, 393–401.

  • Morrison, B. (2006). School bullying and restorative justice toward a theoretical understanding of the role of respect, pride, and shame. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 371–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2006). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthen & Muthen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumark, D., & Rothstein, D. (2007). Do school-to-work programs help the forgotten half? In D. Neumark (Ed.), Improving school-to-work transitions (pp. 87–133). New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2006). Maternal employment in childhood and adults’ retrospective reports of parenting practices. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 68, 573–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. S., & Benson, M. J. (2004). Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence, 39, 519–530.

  • Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students, vol. 2: a third decade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  • Patchin, J. W. (2006). The family context of childhood delinquency. New York: LFB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pluess, M., & Belsky, J. (2010). Differential susceptibility to parenting and child care. Developmental Psychology, 40, 379–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quilty, L. C., McBride, C., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). Evidence for the cognitive mediational model of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1531–1541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabun, J. B., Jr. (2002). Female juvenile prostitution: problem and response. Alexandria: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.

  • Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 21, 471–485.

  • Reeters, A. (2013). Cross-national difference in the association between parental work hours and time with children in Europe: a multilevel analysis. Social Indicators Research, 110, 637–658.

  • Roe-Sepowitz, D., & Krysik, J. (2008). Examining the sexual offenses of female juveniles: the relevance of childhood maltreatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 405–412.

  • Rose, T., Joe, S., Shields, J., & Caldwell, C. H. (2014). Social integration and the mental health of black adolescents. Child Development, 85, 1003–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, A. S. (2001). The impact of family problems on social responsibility. In A. S. Rossi (Ed.), Caring and doing for others: social responsibility in the domain of family, work, and community (pp. 321–347). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Rossner, M. (2011). Emotions and interaction ritual: a micro analysis of restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 95–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruchkin, V. V., Eisemann, M., & Hogglof, B. (1999). Hopelessness, loneliness, self-esteem, and personality in russian male delinquent adolescents versus controls. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 466–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, S. A., & Silverstein, M. (2007). Relationships with grandparents and the emotional well-being of late adolescents and young adult grandchildren. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 793–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallquist, J., Eisenberg, N., French, D. C., Purwono, U., & Suryanti, T. A. (2010). Indonesian adolescents’ spiritual and religious experiences and their longitudinal relations with socioeconomitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 46, 699–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R., & Woolley, M. L. (2005). The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices: implications for parent training. Child, 31, 65–73.

  • Sharabi, A., Levi, U., & Margalit, M. (2012). Children’s loneliness, sense of coherence, family climate, and hope: developmental risk and protective factors. Journal of Psychology, 146, 61–83.

  • Sheehan, M. J., & Watson, M. W. (2008). Reciprocal influences between maternal discipline techniques and aggression in children and adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 245–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smagorinsky, P., & Taxel, J. (2005). The discourse of character education: culture wars in the classroom. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • Stevens, T., Morash, M., & Park, S. (2011). Late-adolescent delinquency: risks and resilience for girls differing in risk at the start of adolescence. Youth & Society, 43, 1433–1458.

  • Tolsheim, T., & Wold, B. (2001). School-related stress, support, and subjective health complaints among early adolescents: a multilevel approach. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 701–713.

  • van Brunschot, E. G., & Brannigan, A. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and subsequent conduct disorders: the case of female street prostitution. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25, 219–234.

  • Vaughn, M. G., Newhill, C. E., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K. M., & Howard, M. O. (2008). An investigation of psychopathic features among delinquent girls: violence, theft, and drug abuse. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice, 6, 240–255.

  • Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Wanner, B. (2005). Patterns of affiliation with delinquent friends during late childhood and early adolescence: correlates and consequences. Social Development, 14, 82–108.

  • Ward, T., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Beech, A. R. (2006). Theories of sexual offending. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wight, R. G., Botticello, A. L., & Aneshensel, C. S. (2006). Socioeconomic context, social support, and adolescent mental health: a multilevel investigation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 115–126.

  • Williams, K. L., & Galliher, R. V. (2006). Predicting depression and self-esteem from social connectedness support, and competence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 855–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windle, M. (1992). Temperament and social support in adolescence: interrelations with depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, W. C. W., Holroyd, E., & Bingham, A. (2011). Stigma and sex work from the perspective of female sex workers in Hong Kong. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33, 50–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yi, C. C., Pan, E. L., Chang, Y. H., & Chan, C. W. (2006). Grandparents, adolescents, and parents: intergenerational relations of Taiwanese youth. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1042–1067.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokotani, K. (2012). How young adults address their parents reflects their perception of parenting. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 284–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, S. W. K., Chau, R. C. M., Boxall, K., & Chung, W. C. Y. (2014). Looking to the East and West: the double-attachment strategy used by the Hong Kong government to develop welfare to work measures for lone parents. Journal of International & Comparative Social Policy, 30, 93–106.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chau-kiu Cheung.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cheung, Ck., Yeung, J.Wk. Parental and Teachers’ Regard as Mediators of the Effect of Girls’ Delinquency on Hope. Child Ind Res 10, 839–858 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9406-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9406-y

Keywords

Navigation