Abstract
Lots of child well-being data is collected but it is rarely exploited fully. In this article we set out the data that directors and service commissioners in children’s services need and methods to help them analyse it optimally. Using a case example we show how this will help with critical but complex tasks, such as choosing which outcomes to address, estimating realistic achievable change, designing services, and monitoring progress. We then discuss how to make the data work even harder, for example gathering well-being data on children in systems, improving the quality of service use information, and making data ‘live’ for practitioners via continuous feedback systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2011). State profiles of child well-being; 2011 kids count data book. Baltimore: Annie E Casey Foundation.
Aos, S., Lieb, R., Mayfield, S., Miller, M., & Pennuci, A. (2004). Benefits and costs of prevention and early intervention programs for youth. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
Arthur, M. W., Briney, J. S., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., Brooke-Weiss, B. L., & Catalano, R. F. (2007). Measuring risk and protection in communities using the communities that care youth survey. Evaluation and Program Planning, 30(2), 197–211.
Axford, N. (2010). What’s in a service? Child & Family Social Work, 15(4), 473–482.
Axford, N., & Hobbs, T. (2010). Getting the measure of child health and development outcomes (1): a method for use in children’s service settings. Child Indicators Research, 4(1), 59–80.
Axford, N., & Little, M. (2006). Refocusing children’s services towards prevention: lessons from the literature. Children & Society, 20(4), 299–312.
Axford, N., & Morpeth, L. (2012). The common language prevention operating system: from strategy development to implementation of evidence-based practice. In B. Kelly & D. Perkins (Eds.), Handbook of implementation science for educational psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Axford, N., Green, V., Kalsbeek, A., Morpeth, L., & Palmer, C. (2009). Measuring children’s needs: how are we doing? Child & Family Social Work, 14(3), 243–254.
Axford, N., Lehtonen, M., Tobin, K., Kaoukji, D., Berry, V. (2012). ‘How to engage parents in parenting programmes: Lessons from research and practice’. Article submitted to Children and Youth Services Review, 34(10), 2061–2071.
Barth, R. P., Lee, B. R., Lindsey, M. A., Collins, K. S., Strieder, F., Chorpita, B. F., et al. (2012). Evidence-based practice at a crossroads: the timely emergence of common elements and common factors. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(1), 109–119.
BCC (Birmingham City Council). (2007). Brighter futures. Birmingham: BCC.
Ben-Arieh, A. (2009). Indicators of children’s well-being: Trends, status and perspectives for the future, In: ChildONEurope Secretariat, The on-going debate on the assessment of children’s conditions of life. The Proceedings of the ChildONEurope Seminar of Child Well-Being Indicators, Florence, Instituto degli Innocenti. Available from:http://www.childoneurope.org/issues/publications.htm [accessed 09/07/2012].
Bickman, L., Douglas Kelley, S., Breda, C., Regina de Andrade, A., & Riemer, M. (2011). Effects of routine feedback to clinicians on mental health outcomes of youths: results of a randomised trial. Psychiatric Services, 62(12), 1423–1429.
Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2004). Life skills training: empirical findings and future directions. Journal of Primary Prevention, 25(2), 211–232.
Bradshaw, J. (2011). Introduction. In J. Bradshaw (Ed.), The well-being of children in the UK (3rd ed.). Bristol: Policy Press.
Bradshaw, J., Noble, M., Bloor, K., Huby, M., McLennan, D., Rhodes, D., et al. (2009). A child well-being index at small area level in England. Child Indicators Research, 2(2), 201–219.
Bradshaw, J., Rees, G., Keung, A., & Goswami, H. (2010). The subjective well-being of children. In C. McAuley & W. Rose (Eds.), Child well-being: Understanding children’s lives. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Carboni, I., & Marrow, N. (2011). Finding the right balance between standardisation and flexibility: a compendium of indicators for measuring child well-being. Child Indicators Research, 4, 597–618.
Case, S., & Haines, K. (2009). Understanding youth offending: Risk factor research, policy and practice. Cullompton: Willan.
Cash, S. J., Ingram, S. D., Biben, D. S., McKeever, S. J., Thompson, R. W., & Ferrell, J. Z. (2012). Moving forward without looking back: performance management systems as real-time evidence-based practice tools. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(4), 655–659.
Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149–197). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Corbett, T. (2006). The role of social indicators in an era of human service reform in the United States. In A. Ben-Arieh & R. M. Goerge (Eds.), Indicators of children’s well-being: Understanding their role, usage and policy influence. Dordrecht: Springer.
Dickens, J., Howell, D., Thoburn, J., & Schofield, G. (2007). Children starting to be looked after by local authorities in England: an analysis of inter-authority variation and case-centered decision making. British Journal of Social Work, 37(4), 597–617.
Elliott, D. S., Hawkins, J. D., Little, M., Moore, K. A., Slavin, R. E., Axford, N., et al. (2012). Standards of evidence for prevention. Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
Ezell, M., Spath, R., Zeira, A., Canali, C., Fernandez, E., Thoburn, J., et al. (2011). An international classification system for child welfare programs’. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1847–1854.
Fagan, A. A., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Latest developments in the prevention of crime and anti-social behaviour: an American perspective. Journal of Children’s Services, 7(1), 64–72.
Fagan, A. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Using community epidemiologic datato improve social settings: The communities that care prevention system. In M. Shin (Ed.), Toward positive youth development: Transforming schools and community programs (pp. 292–312). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fernandes, L., Mendes, A., & Teixeira, A. A. C. (2012). A review essay on the measurement of child well-being. Social Indicators Research, 106(2), 239–257.
Flouri, E., Tzavidis, N., & Kallis, K. (2010). Area and family effects on the psychopathology of the Millennium Cohort Study children and their older siblings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(2), 152–161.
Ford, T., Hamilton, H., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2007). Child mental health is everybody’s business; the prevalence of contacts with public sectors services by the types of disorder among British school children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(1), 13–20.
Friedman, M., Garnett, L., & Pinnock, M. (2005). Dude, where’s my outcomes? Partnership working and outcome-based accountability in the UK. In J. Scott & H. Ward (Eds.), Safeguarding and promoting the well-being of children, families and communities. London: Jessica Kinsgley.
Goldacre, B. (2008). Bad science. London: Fourth Estate.
Greenberg, M. T., & Kusché, C. (2002). Promoting alternative thinking strategies (PATHS). Blueprints for violence prevention book 10. Boulder: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado.
Grietens, H. (2010). Discerning European perspectives on evidence-based interventions for vulnerable children and their families. International Journal of Child and Family Welfare, 13(1–2), 6–17.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105.
Hawkins, J. D., Brown, E. C., Oesterle, S., Arthur, M. W., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Early effects of communities that care on targeted risks and initiation of delinquent behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43, 15–22.
Hobbs, T., Elliott, D.S. (2012). Key developmental outcomes: conceptual and empirical support. Unpublished paper for the Annie E. Casey Foundation, US.
Hobbs, T., Axford, N., & Jodrell, D. (2010). Getting the measure of child health and development outcomes (2): the picture for a local authority in England. Child Indicators Research, 4(1), 81–100.
Hobbs, T., Jodrell, D., Little, M., Morpeth, L. (2012). The mismatch between need and service provision. Unpublished paper for Renfrewshire Council, Scotland.
Institute for Effective Education. (2011). Market analysis for the mayor’s fund for London. York: IEE.
Jordan, B. (2006). Well-being: the next revolution in children’s services? Journal of Children’s Services, 1(1), 41–50.
Klett-Davies, M., Skaliotis, E., & Wollny, I. (2009). Mapping and analysis of parenting services in England. London: Family and Parenting Institute.
Kreuter, M. W., & Bernhardt, J. M. (2009). Reframing the dissemination challenge: a marketing and distribution perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2123–2127.
Little, T. H. (2006). Increasing the impact of indicators among legislative policy makers. In A. Ben-Arieh & R. M. Goerge (Eds.), Indicators of children’s well-being: Understanding their role, usage and policy influence. Dordrecht: Springer.
Little, M. (2010). Proof positive. London: Demos.
Little, M., & Abunimah, A. (2007). Improving outcomes for children in the island of Ireland: the role of philanthropic investment. Journal of Children’s Services, 2(2), 60–67.
Little, M., Axford, N., & Morpeth, L. (2004). Research review: risk and protection in the context of services for children in need. Child & Family Social Work, 9, 105–117.
Little, M., Kogan, J., Bullock, R., & Van Der Laan, P. (2004). ISSP: an experiment in multi-systems responses to persistent young offenders known to social services. British Journal of Criminology, 44(2), 225–240.
Little, M., & Mount, K. (1999). Prevention and Early Intervention with Children in Need, Aldershot, Ashgate.
Local Government Association. (2010). Place-based budgets: The future governance of local public services. [accessed from http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/12294113 15th November 2011].
McCartney, K., & Rosenthal, R. (2000). Effect size, practical importance, and social policy for children. Child Development, 71(1), 173–180.
Moore, K. A., & Brown, B. (2006). Preparing indicators for policymakers and advocates. In A. Ben-Arieh & R. M. Goerge (Eds.), Indicators of children’s well-being: Understanding their role, usage and policy influence. Dordrecht: Springer.
Murray, J., & Farrington, D. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(10), 633–642.
O’Hare, W. (2012). Development of the child indicator movement in the United States. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 79–84.
O’Hare, W., & Gutierrez, F. (2012). The use of domains in constructing a comprehensive composite index of child well-being. Child Indicators Research. doi:10.1007/s12187-012-9138-6.
Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Fagan, A. A., & Abbott, R. D. (2010). Testing the universality of the effects of the communities that care prevention system for preventing adolescent drug use and delinquency. Prevention Science, 11, 411–423.
Park, J., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., et al. (2000). Effects of the “preparing for the drug free years” curriculum on growth in alcohol use and risk for alcohol use in early adolescence. Prevention Science, 1, 125–138.
Pecora, P., & Harrison-Jackson, M. (2010). The challenge of improving children’s well-being and measuring outcomes: an American perspective. In C. McAuley & W. Rose (Eds.), Child well-being: Understanding children’s lives. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Porta, M. (2008). A dictionary of epidemiology (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rose, G. (1992). The strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rowlands, J. (2010). Services are not enough: child well-being in a very unequal society. Journal of Children’s Services, 5(3), 80–88.
Social Research Unit. (2009). The health and development of children in NPU-V. Presentation to the Annie E Casey foundation, February.
Spiel, C. (2009). Evidence-based practice: a challenge for European developmental psychology. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(1), 11–33.
Sturm, R., Ringel, J., & Andreyva, T. (2003). Geographic disparities in children’s mental, Pediatrics, 122, e308–e315.
Treasury, H. M. (2010). Total place: A whole area approach to public services. London: Crown Copyright.
Webster-Stratton, C. (2007). The incredible years parent training manual: BASIC program (3rd ed.). Seattle: Incredible Years.
Zwaanswijk, M., Van der Ende, J., Verhaak, P., Bensing, J., & Verhulst, F. (2003). Factors associated with adolescent mental health service need and utilization. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(6), 692–700.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all colleagues in Dartington and Birmingham who have contributed to the work described in this article, especially Louise Morpeth, Michael Little and Cheryl Hopkins. The work in Birmingham was funded by Birmingham City Council.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Axford, N., Hobbs, T. & Jodrell, D. Making Child Well-Being Data Work Hard: Getting from Data to Policy and Practice. Child Ind Res 6, 161–177 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-012-9163-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-012-9163-5