Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a new device for headspace in-needle microextraction using a stainless steel wire coated with multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite by coulometric technique. Then, the coated wire was placed into a stainless steel needle inside. This headspace in-needle microextraction device was applied for the determination of phthalates dissolved in aqueous solution by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite film of 10 mm length on the surface of stainless steel wire was optimized to polymerize electrochemically when constant potential of 2.0 V was applied during 500 s. Atomic force microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy showed that polymerization on the surface of wire had smooth, homogeneous, and constant coating thickness of 1.5 ± 0.004 μm. The optimum molar ratio of multiwalled carbon nanotube and aniline (C:N) for polymerization was determined at 1: 2 M ratio. The optimum conditions of the proposed method were extraction temperature 50 °C, saturation time 60 min, extraction time 30 min, desorption temperature 230 °C, and desorption time 3 min, respectively. Validation of headspace in-needle microextraction-multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline coupled with GC/MS was also performed including limit of detection, limit of quantitation, dynamic range, recovery, and reproducibility. The proposed device is found to be inexpensive, easy, and rapid to fabricate and could be utilized effectively as the solventless microextraction method for the analysis of phthalates generating from food containers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ai Y, Wu M, Li L, Zhao F, Zeng B (2016) Highly selective and effective solid phase microextraction of benzoic acid esters using ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes-doped polyaniline coating. J Chromatogr A 1437:1–7
Asadollahzadeh H, Noroozian E, Maghsoudi S (2010) Solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from aqueous media by electrochemically deposited carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composite on a stainless steel fiber. Anal Chim Acta 669:32–38
Autian J (1973) Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: review of the literature. Environ Health Perspect 4:3–26
Bang Y, Hwang Y, Lee S, Park S, Bae S (2017) Sol-gel adsorbent-coated extraction needles to detect volatile compounds in spoiled fish. J Sep Sci 40:3839–3847
Cai Y, Jiang G, Liu J, Zhou Q (2003) Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol. Anal Chem 75:2517–2521
Cao X (2008) Determination of phthalates and adipate in bottled water by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1178:231–238
Carnol L, Schummer C, Moris G (2017) Quantification of six phthalates and one adipate in Luxembourgish beer using HS-SPME-GC/MS. Food Anal Methods 10:298–309
Castillo M, Oubina A, Barceló D (1998) Evaluation of ELISA kits followed by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry for the determination of organic pollutants in industrial effluents. Environ Sci Technol 32:2180–2184
Chen GZ, Shaffer MS, Coleby D, Dixon G, Zhou W, Fray DJ, Windle AH (2000) Carbon nanotube and polypyrrole composites: coating and doping. Adv Mater 12:522–526
Colon I, Dimandja JD (2004) High-throughput analysis of phthalate esters in human serum by direct immersion SPME followed by isotope dilution–fast GC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 380:275–283
Dhand C, Arya SK, Singh SP, Singh BP, Datta M, Malhotra B (2008) Preparation of polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite by novel electrophoretic route. Carbon 46:1727–1735
Ding R, Lu G, Yan Z, Wilson MJ (2001) Recent advances in the preparation and utilization of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage. Nanosci Nanotechnol 1:7–29
Du W, Zhao F, Zeng B (2009) Novel multiwalled carbon nanotubes–polyaniline composite film coated platinum wire for headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds. J Chromatogr A 1216:3751–3757
Fan J, Wan M, Zhu D, Chang B, Pan Z, Xie S (1999) Synthesis and properties of carbon nanotube-polypyrrole composites. Synth Met 102:1266–1267
Feng Y, Zhu J, Sensenstein R (2005) Development of a headspace solid-phase microextraction method combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of phthalate esters in cow milk. Anal Chim Acta 538:41–48
Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D (2016) Strengths and weaknesses of in-tube solid-phase microextraction: a scoping review. Anal Chim Acta 906:41–57
Gharari H, Farjaminezhad M, Marefat A, Fakhari AR (2016) All-in-one solid-phase microextraction: development of a selective solid-phase microextraction fiber assembly for the simultaneous and efficient extraction of analytes with different polarities. J Sep Sci 39:1709–1716
Hüffer T, Osorio XL, Jochmann MA, Schilling B, Schmidt TC (2013) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as sorptive material for solventless in-tube microextraction (ITEX2)—a factorial design study. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:8387–8395
Hwang YR, Bae S (2017) Needle fabrication method of polymeric adsorbent coated inside and its micro-extraction method. Korean patent 10-2016-0074965
Jeon HR, Son HH, Bae S, Lee DS (2015) Use of polyacrylic acid and polydimethylsiloxane mixture for in-needle microextraction of volatile aroma compounds in essential oils. Bull Kor Chem Soc 36:2730–2739
Jobling S, Reynolds T, White R, Parker MG, Sumpter JP (1995) A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic. Environ Health Perspect 103:582–587
Kamrin MA (2009) Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health B 12:157–174
Lee EJ, Lee DS (2014) Fabrication of in-needle microextraction device using nichrome wire coated with poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) for determination of volatile compounds in lavender oils. Bull Kor Chem Soc 35:211–217
Louch D, Motlagh S, Pawliszyn J (1992) Dynamics of organic compound extraction from water using liquid-coated fused silica fibers. Anal Chem 64:1187–1199
McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (1997) Compendium of chemical terminology. IUPAC recommendations
Moliner-Martinez Y, Herráez-Hernández R, Verdú-Andrés J, Molins-Legua C, Campíns-Falcó P (2015) Recent advances of in-tube solid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 71:205–213
Mousavi M, Noroozian E, Jalali-Heravi M, Mollahosseini A (2007) Optimization of solid-phase microextraction of volatile phenols in water by a polyaniline-coated Pt-fiber using experimental design. Anal Chim Acta 581:71–77
Ngo CL, Le QT, Ngo TT, Nguyen DN, Vu MT (2013) Surface modification and functionalization of carbon nanotube with some organic compounds. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 4:035017
Peng C, Jin J, Chen GZ (2007) A comparative study on electrochemical co-deposition and capacitance of composite films of conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes. Electrochim Acta 53:525–537
Piri-Moghadam H, Lendor S, Pawliszyn J (2016) Development of a biocompatible in-tube solid phase microextraction device: a rapid and sensitive approach for direct analysis of single drops of complex matrices. Anal Chem 88:12188–12195
Potter DW, Pawliszyn J (1994) Rapid determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in water using solid-phase microextraction and GC/MS. Environ Sci Technol 28:298–305
Prokůpková G, Holadová K, Poustka J, Hajšlová J (2002) Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of phthalic acid esters in water. Anal Chim Acta 457:211–223
Serôdio P, Nogueira J (2006) Considerations on ultra-trace analysis of phthalates in drinking water. Water Res 40:2572–2582
Son HH, Bae S, Lee DS (2012) New needle packed with polydimethylsiloxane having a micro-bore tunnel for headspace in-needle microextraction of aroma components of citrus oils. Anal Chim Acta 751:86–93
Tang ZK, Zhang L, Wang N, Zhang XX, Wen GH, Li GD, Wang JN, Chan CT, Sheng P (2001) Superconductivity in 4 angstrom single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 292:2462–2465
Thompson M, Ellison SL, Wood R (2002) Harmonized guidelines for single-laboratory validation of methods of analysis (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 74:835–855
Wang J, Jiang D, Gu Z, Yan XJ (2006) Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Chromatogr A 1137:8–14
Wang Y, Li Y, Feng J, Sun C (2008) Polyaniline-based fiber for headspace solid-phase microextraction of substituted benzenes determination in aqueous samples. Anal Chim Acta 619:202–208
Wu J, Pawliszyn J (2001) Preparation and applications of polypyrrole films in solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 909:37–52
Zeng Z, Qiu W, Huang Z (2001) Solid-phase microextraction using fused-silica fibers coated with sol-gel-derived hydroxy-crown ether. Anal Chem 73:2429–2436
Funding
This work was supported by a research grant from Seoul Women’s University (2018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Soyoung Lee declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jung-Hyeon Yoon declares that she has no conflict of interest. Sunyoung Bae declares that she has no conflict of interest. Dong-Sun Lee declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Electronic Supplementary Material
ESM 1
(DOCX 469 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, S., Yoon, JH., Bae, S. et al. In-needle Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Phthalates Generating from Food Containers. Food Anal. Methods 11, 2767–2777 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1254-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1254-6