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Volatile Methyl Siloxanes as Key Biogas Pollutants: Occurrence, Impacts and Treatment Technologies

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Abstract

Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are biogas pollutants generated from the metabolism of polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) in anaerobic digestion processes. In the past, VMS were considered an issue only for biogas produced in landfills. However, the widespread presence of VMS in different types of biogas has been demonstrated in recent years as a consequence of the intensive use of PDMS in the formulation of personal care products, industrial lubricants, glues, paints, and detergents. Burning biogas (or biomethane) laden with VMS leads the formation of silicate (SiO2) deposits, resulting in abrasion and severe lubrication issues, which finally produce irreversible damage to energy production devices. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the VMS concentrations recently reported in several types of biogas, as well as the physical–chemical technologies available on a commercial scale for the removal of VMS. Alternative biological processes for VMS removal are also described, including the most recent advances in microbial degradation mechanisms, bioreactor configurations, and operation modes. Critical research niches and challenges towards the consolidation of biotechnologies as efficient and cost-effective VMS treatment systems are identified and critically discussed.

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Abbreviations

AAC:

Adsorption on activated carbon

BTF:

Biotrickling filter

CCT:

Cryogenic condensation technologies

\({\mathrm C}_{G\;\mathrm{in}}\)  :

VMS inlet concentration in gas phase (mg m−3)

\({\mathrm C}_{G\;\mathrm{out}}\)  :

VMS outlet concentration in gas phase (mg m−3)

\({\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{L}}\) :

VMS concentration in liquid phase (mg m−3)

D3:

Hexamethylcyclo-trisiloxane

D4:

Octamethylcyclo-tetrasiloxane

D5:

Decamethylcyclo-pentasiloxane

EBRT:

Empty bed residence time of biogas (min)

EC:

Elimination capacity (g m−3 h−1)

\({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{G}/\mathrm{L}}\) :

Gas–liquid pollutant transfer rate (g m−3 h−1)

GRT:

Gas retention time (min)

H:

Dimensionless Henry’s law constant

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time (day)

\({\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{La}}\) :

Overall gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient

L2:

Hexamethyl-disiloxane

L3:

Hexamethyl-trisiloxane

L4:

Decamethyl-tetrasiloxane

NAP:

Non-aqueous phase

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

Q:

Biogas flow rate (m3 h−1)

RE:

Removal efficiency (%)

VMS:

Volatile methyl siloxanes

\({\mathrm V}_{\mathrm{packed}\;\mathrm{bed}}\)  :

Empty volume of the packed bed (m3)

VOC:

Volatile organic compounds

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Funding

This work was supported by the Mexican Council for Science and Technology, CONACYT (Ciencia Básica project A1-S-10079), and DGAPA-UNAM (PAPIIT project TA100123). L.A. Rivera-Montenegro and E.I. Valenzuela acknowledge the support from CONACYT through the grants 869998 and 40872, respectively. The Regional Government of Castilla y León and the EU-FEDER program (grant numbers CLU 2017–09, UIC 315 and CL-EI-2021–07) are also gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Research On Advanced Process for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico

    Laura Rivera-Montenegro, Edgardo I. Valenzuela & Guillermo Quijano

  2. Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Armando González-Sánchez

  3. Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain

    Raúl Muñoz

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  1. Laura Rivera-Montenegro
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  2. Edgardo I. Valenzuela
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  3. Armando González-Sánchez
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  4. Raúl Muñoz
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  5. Guillermo Quijano
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All authors contributed to the writing, review, and editing of the present work. In addition, Raúl Muñoz: funding acquisition; Guillermo Quijano: conceptualization and funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Guillermo Quijano.

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Rivera-Montenegro, L., Valenzuela, E.I., González-Sánchez, A. et al. Volatile Methyl Siloxanes as Key Biogas Pollutants: Occurrence, Impacts and Treatment Technologies. Bioenerg. Res. 16, 801–816 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10525-y

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