Putnam, H. 1981. Reason. Truth and History: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Eiraku, M., K. Watanabe, M. Matsuo-Takasaki, M. Kawada, S. Yonemura, M. Matsumura, T. Wataya, A. Nishiyama, K. Muguruma, and Y. Sasai. 2008. Self-Organized Formation of Polarized Cortical Tissues from ESCs and Its Active Manipulation by Extrinsic Signals. Cell Stem Cell 3: 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.002.
Article
Google Scholar
Kadoshima, T., H. Sakaguchi, T. Nakano, M. Soen, S. Ando, M. Eiraku, and Y. Sasai. 2013. Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell–derived neocortex. PNAS 110: 20284–20289. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315710110.
Article
Google Scholar
Lancaster, M.A., M. Renner, C.-A. Martin, D. Wenzel, L.S. Bicknell, M.E. Hurles, T. Homfray, J.M. Penninger, A.P. Jackson, and J.A. Knoblich. 2013. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 501: 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12517.
Article
Google Scholar
Farahany, N.A., H.T. Greely, S. Hyman, C. Koch, C. Grady, S.P. Pașca, N. Sestan, P. Arlotta, J.L. Bernat, J. Ting, J.E. Lunshof, E.P.R. Iyer, I. Hyun, B.H. Capestany, G.M. Church, H. Huang, and H. Song. 2018. The ethics of experimenting with human brain tissue. Nature 556: 429–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Greely, H.T. 2021. Human Brain Surrogates Research: The Onrushing Ethical Dilemma. The American Journal of Bioethics 21: 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1845853.
Article
Google Scholar
Munsie, M., I. Hyun, and J. Sugarman. 2017. Ethical issues in human organoid and gastruloid research. Development 144: 942–945. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.140111.
Article
Google Scholar
International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). 2021. Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation. https://www.isscr.org/docs/default-source/all-isscr-guidelines/2021-guidelines/isscl-research-and-clinical-translation-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=979d58b1_4
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2021. The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras: Science, Ethics, and Governance. https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/ethical-legal-and-regulatory-issues-associated-with-neural-chimeras-and-organoids.
Kahane, G., and J. Savulescu. 2009. Brain damage and the moral significance of consciousness. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 34: 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhn038.
Article
Google Scholar
Niikawa, T. 2018. Moral Status and Consciousness. Analele Universității din București – Seria Filosofie 67, 235–257.
Shepherd, J. 2018. Consciousness and Moral Status. Oxon (UK): Routledge.
Book
Google Scholar
Bayne, T., A.K. Seth, and M. Massimini. 2020. Are There Islands of Awareness? Trends in Neurosciences 43: 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.11.003.
Article
Google Scholar
Hyun, I., J.C. Scharf-Deering, and J.E. Lunshof. 2020. Ethical issues related to brain organoid research. Brain Research 1732: 146653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146653.
Article
Google Scholar
Koplin, J.J., and J. Savulescu. 2019. Moral Limits of Brain Organoid Research. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47: 760–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110519897789.
Article
Google Scholar
Lavazza, A., and M. Massimini. 2018. Cerebral organoids: Ethical issues and consciousness assessment. Journal of Medical Ethics 44: 606–610. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104555.
Article
Google Scholar
Sawai, T., H. Sakaguchi, E. Thomas, J. Takahashi, and M. Fujita. 2019. The Ethics of Cerebral Organoid Research: Being Conscious of Consciousness. Stem Cell Reports 13: 440–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.003.
Article
Google Scholar
Shepherd, J. 2018. Ethical (and epistemological) issues regarding consciousness in cerebral organoids. Journal of Medical Ethics 44: 611–612. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-104778.
Article
Google Scholar
Irvine, E. 2013. Measures of Consciousness. Philosophy. Compass 8: 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12016.
Article
Google Scholar
Lavazza, A. 2020. Human cerebral organoids and consciousness: A double-edged sword. Monash Bioethics Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-020-00116-y.
Article
Google Scholar
Cugola, F.R., I.R. Fernandes, F.B. Russo, B.C. Freitas, J.L.M. Dias, K.P. Guimarães, C. Benazzato, N. Almeida, G.C. Pignatari, S. Romero, C.M. Polonio, I. Cunha, C.L. Freitas, W.N. Brandão, C. Rossato, D.G. Andrade, D. de Faria, and P., Garcez, A.T., Buchpigel, C.A., Braconi, C.T., Mendes, E., Sall, A.A., Zanotto, P.M. de A., Peron, J.P.S., Muotri, A.R., Beltrão-Braga, P.C.B.,. 2016. The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature 534: 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18296.
Article
Google Scholar
Watanabe, M., J.E. Buth, N. Vishlaghi, L. de la Torre-Ubieta, J. Taxidis, B.S. Khakh, G. Coppola, C.A. Pearson, K. Yamauchi, D. Gong, X. Dai, R. Damoiseaux, R. Aliyari, S. Liebscher, K. Schenke-Layland, C. Caneda, E.J. Huang, Y. Zhang, G. Cheng, D.H. Geschwind, P. Golshani, R. Sun, and B.G. Novitch. 2017. Self-Organized Cerebral Organoids with Human-Specific Features Predict Effective Drugs to Combat Zika Virus Infection. Cell Reports 21: 517–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.047.
Article
Google Scholar
Seto, Y., and M. Eiraku. 2019. Toward the formation of neural circuits in human brain organoids. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 61: 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.010.
Article
Google Scholar
Daviaud, N., R.H. Friedel, H. Zou. 2018. Vascularization and Engraftment of Transplanted Human Cerebral Organoids in Mouse Cortex. eNeuro 5. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0219-18.2018
Kitahara, T., H. Sakaguchi, A. Morizane, T. Kikuchi, S. Miyamoto, and J. Takahashi. 2020. Axonal Extensions along Corticospinal Tracts from Transplanted Human Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 15: 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.016.
Article
Google Scholar
Mansour, A.A., J.T. Gonçalves, C.W. Bloyd, H. Li, S. Fernandes, D. Quang, S. Johnston, S.L. Parylak, X. Jin, and F.H. Gage. 2018. An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nature Biotechnology 36: 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4127.
Article
Google Scholar
Quadrato, G., T. Nguyen, E.Z. Macosko, J.L. Sherwood, S.M. Yang, D. Berger, N. Maria, J. Scholvin, M. Goldman, J. Kinney, E.S. Boyden, J. Lichtman, Z.M. Williams, S.A. McCarroll, and P. Arlotta. 2017. Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids. Nature 545: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22047.
Article
Google Scholar
Benito-Kwiecinski, S., and M.A. Lancaster. 2020. Brain Organoids: Human Neurodevelopment in a Dish. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 12: a035709. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a035709.
Article
Google Scholar
Bayne, T. 2013. Agency as a marker of consciousness. In Decomposing the will, ed. A. Clark, J. Kiverstein, and T. Vierkant, 160–180. Oxford University Press.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Tononi, G. 2008. Consciousness as Integrated Information: A Provisional Manifesto. The Biological Bulletin 215: 216–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/25470707.
Article
Google Scholar
Tononi, G., M. Boly, M. Massimini, and C. Koch. 2016. Integrated information theory: From consciousness to its physical substrate. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17: 450–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.44.
Article
Google Scholar
Tononi, G., and C. Koch. 2015. Consciousness: Here, there and everywhere? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140167. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0167.
Article
Google Scholar
Sakaguchi, H., Y. Ozaki, T. Ashida, T. Matsubara, N. Oishi, S. Kihara, and J. Takahashi. 2019. Self-Organized Synchronous Calcium Transients in a Cultured Human Neural Network Derived from Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 13: 458–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.029.
Article
Google Scholar
Trujillo, C.A., R. Gao, P.D. Negraes, J. Gu, J. Buchanan, S. Preissl, A. Wang, W. Wu, G.G. Haddad, I.A. Chaim, A. Domissy, M. Vandenberghe, A. Devor, G.W. Yeo, B. Voytek, and A.R. Muotri. 2019. Complex Oscillatory Waves Emerging from Cortical Organoids Model Early Human Brain Network Development. Cell Stem Cell 25: 558-569.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.002.
Article
Google Scholar
Goff, P. 2017. The Case for Panpsychism. Philosophy Now 121: 6–8.
Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 2009. Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism. Journal of Consciousness Studies 13. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267422.003.0003
Goff, P. 2019. Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness. Rider.
Seager, W.E., ed. 2020. The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Feinberg, Todd E., and Jon M. Mallatt. 2018. Consciousness Demystified. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Ward, D. 2012. Enjoying the Spread: Conscious Externalism Reconsidered. Mind 121: 731–751. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzs095.
Article
Google Scholar
Dehaene, S. 2014. Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. Viking, New York, New York.
Dretske, F. 1995. Naturalizing the Mind. MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Tye, M. 2000. Consciousness, Color, and Content. MIT Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Brown, R., H. Lau, and J.E. LeDoux. 2019. Understanding the Higher-Order Approach to Consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 23: 754–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.009.
Article
Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. and J. Weisberg. 2008. Higher-order theories of consciousness. Scholarpedia 3:4407. https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.4407
Carruthers, P. 2018. The problems of animal consciousness. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 92: 179–205.
Google Scholar
Murray, S. 2020. A Case for Conservatism About Animal Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 27: 163–185.
Google Scholar
Michel, M. 2019. Consciousness Science Underdetermined Ergo, an Open Access. Journal of Philosophy 6. https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.12405314.0006.028
Bradshaw, R.H. 1998. Consciousness in non-human animals: Adopting the precautionary principle. Journal of Consciousness Studies 5: 108–114.
Google Scholar
Sebo, J. 2018. The Moral Problem of Other Minds. The Harvard Review of Philosophy 25: 51–70. https://doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview20185913.
Article
Google Scholar
Klein, C. 2017. Precaution, proportionality and proper commitments. Animal Sentience 2. https://doi.org/10.51291/2377-7478.1232
Żuradzki, T. 2021. Against the Precautionary Approach to Moral Status: The Case of Surrogates for Living Human Brains. The American Journal of Bioethics 21: 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1845868.
Article
Google Scholar
Birch, J. 2017. Animal Sentience and the Precautionary Principle. Animal Sentience 16.
Singer, P. 2009. Animal Liberation: The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement, Reissued. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York.
Lee, A.Y. 2018. Is Consciousness Intrinsically Valuable? Philosophical Studies 175: 1–17.
Article
Google Scholar
Frith, C.D. 2019. The neural basis of consciousness. Psychological Medicine 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002204
Koch, C., M. Massimini, M. Boly, and G. Tononi. 2016. Neural correlates of consciousness: Progress and problems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17: 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.22.
Article
Google Scholar
Stevens, S.S., ed. 2017. Psychophysics: Introduction to Its Perceptual. Neural and Social Prospects: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Sakaguchi, H., T. Kadoshima, M. Soen, N. Narii, Y. Ishida, M. Ohgushi, J. Takahashi, M. Eiraku, and Y. Sasai. 2015. Generation of functional hippocampal neurons from self-organizing human embryonic stem cell-derived dorsomedial telencephalic tissue. Nature Communications 6: 8896. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9896.
Article
Google Scholar
Qian, X., H.N. Nguyen, M.M. Song, C. Hadiono, S.C. Ogden, C. Hammack, B. Yao, G.R. Hamersky, F. Jacob, C. Zhong, K. Yoon, W. Jeang, L. Lin, Y. Li, J. Thakor, D.A. Berg, C. Zhang, E. Kang, M. Chickering, D. Nauen, C. Ho, Z. Wen, K.M. Christian, P. Shi, B.J. Maher, H. Wu, P. Jin, H. Tang, H. Song, and G. Ming. 2016. Brain-Region-specific Organoids Using Mini-bioreactors for Modeling ZIKV Exposure. Cell 165: 1238–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.032.
Article
Google Scholar
Shulman, R.G., F. Hyder, and D.L. Rothman. 2009. Baseline brain energy supports the state of consciousness. PNAS 106: 11096–11101. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903941106.
Article
Google Scholar
Stender, J., R. Kupers, A. Rodell, A. Thibaut, C. Chatelle, M.-A. Bruno, M. Gejl, C. Bernard, R. Hustinx, S. Laureys, and A. Gjedde. 2015. Quantitative Rates of Brain Glucose Metabolism Distinguish Minimally Conscious from Vegetative State Patients. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 35: 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.169.
Article
Google Scholar
Bayne, T., J. Hohwy, and A.M. Owen. 2016. Are There Levels of Consciousness? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20: 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.009.
Article
Google Scholar
McFadden, J. 2002. Synchronous firing and its influence on the brain’s electromagnetic field: Evidence for an electromagnetic field theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9: 23–50.
Google Scholar
James, W. 1890. The Principles of Psychology. Dover Publications.
Hohwy, J. 2013. The Predictive Mind. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Dalgleish, T. 2004. The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5: 583–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1432.
Article
Google Scholar
Frewen, P., M.L. Schroeter, G. Riva, P. Cipresso, B. Fairfield, C. Padulo, A.H. Kemp, L. Palaniyappan, M. Owolabi, K. Kusi-Mensah, M. Polyakova, N. Fehertoi, W. D’Andrea, L. Lowe, and G. Northoff. 2020. Neuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 112: 164–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.023.
Article
Google Scholar
Beauchamp, T.L., and D. DeGrazia. 2020. Principles of Animal Research Ethics. Oxford University Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Birch, J., and H. Browning. 2021. Neural Organoids and the Precautionary Principle. The American Journal of Bioethics 21: 56–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1845858.
Article
Google Scholar
Charo, R.A. 2015. Fetal Tissue Fallout. New England Journal of Medicine 373: 890–891. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1510279.
Article
Google Scholar
Vrselja, Z., S.G. Daniele, J. Silbereis, F. Talpo, Y.M. Morozov, A.M.M. Sousa, B.S. Tanaka, M. Skarica, M. Pletikos, N. Kaur, Z.W. Zhuang, Z. Liu, R. Alkawadri, A.J. Sinusas, S.R. Latham, S.G. Waxman, and N. Sestan. 2019. Restoration of brain circulation and cellular functions hours post-mortem. Nature 568: 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1099-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Youngner, S., and I. Hyun. 2019. Pig experiment challenges assumptions around brain damage in people. Nature 568: 302–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01169-8.
Article
Google Scholar
Block, N. 1995. On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18: 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00038188.
Article
Google Scholar
Nagel, T. 1974. What is It Like to Be a Bat? Philosophical Review 83: 435–450.
Article
Google Scholar
Roelofs, L. 2019. Combining Minds: How to Think About Composite Subjectivity. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Book
Google Scholar
Shepherd, J. 2021. The moral status of conscious subjects, in: Clarke, S. (Ed.), Rethinking Moral Status. OUP Oxford: 57-73.