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Perceived playfulness in same-sex friendships and happiness

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Abstract

The current investigation examined the association of perceived playfulness in same-sex best friendships with happiness. Study 1 (N = 1009) showed that playfulness was related to and accounted for unique variance in subjective well-being even when controlling for the Big Five dimensions of personality, relationship quality and conflict. Study 2 (N = 277) showed that personal sense of uniqueness mediated the association of playfulness with affect balance. The findings suggest that perceived playfulness is a reliable correlate of individual happiness, and directions for future are provided.

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Notes

  1. PQI assesses the frequency and enjoyment of 75 intimate and non-intimate play activities couples engage in together (e.g., swimming together, having pillow fights). A modified version of PQI focusing on frequency has been used in prior research (Kennedy and Gordon 2017; Vanderbleek et al. 2011).

  2. Betcher (1977) developed PQ II to assess perceived playfulness in romantic relationships. While it is not clear how the item pool was created, a factor analysis of 28 items (N = 100) produced six factors, with the sixth factor failing to reveal “any consistent factor” (p. 60). The other five factors were labeled as novelty-spontaneity, control-dominance, asynchrony, rigidity, and in-phase. Importantly, Betcher (1977) argued that the items on PQII were measuring a single construct and he created a total playfulness score. However, he removed four items from this composite that had lower loadings. The other studies using PQII in romantic relationships relied on a composite global playfulness score and none reported a factor analysis (Aune and Wong 2002; Mount 2005; Lutz 1982). As explained in the text, Baxter’s (1992) study is the only one in which PQII was used to assess playfulness in same-sex friendships. This study modified the items assessing sexual play and added two more items. Thus, testing the factor structure of the PQII as used in this study was necessary.

  3. Multiple group CFAs were conducted to test measurement invariance across gender at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. These analyses revealed support for measurement invariance and can be requested from the author.

  4. The association of playfulness with LS, PA and NA were .22, .33, and − .16, respectively (p < .001). Importantly, playfulness accounted for an additional 2% of the variance in LS and PA when taking personality into account. Playfulness did not explain any unique variance in NA above and beyond personality. However, playfulness was positively related to affect balance (PA - NA) (r = .28), and explained and additional 1% of the variance when controlling for personality.

  5. The sample size across the analyses varies due to missing data and outliers. Specifically, 2 and 10 participants did not complete the happiness and friendship measures, respectively. Also, there were a total of 10 and 15 univariate and multivariate outliers in the analyses addressing H3 and H4, respectively. These cases were removed from the final analyses reported.

  6. Gender was positively associated with the original PQII (r = .17, p < .01). Women had higher scores (M = 3.77, SD = .39) when compared to men (M = 3.60, SD = .39), and the difference was significant (t (1006) = 5.35, p < .001, d = .44). The correlation between the original PQII and SWB was .34 (p < .01) in men (n = 183) and .30 (p < .01) in women (n = 815). Among men, PQII explained an additional 2 and 1% of the variance in happiness above and beyond the friendship dimensions (F (1, 179) = 3. 11, p = .08) and personality (F (1, 173) = 2.83, p = .09), respectively. However, these steps were not significant. PQII also did not account for any variance in SWB when personality and friendship were controlled (F (1, 171) = .09, p = .77). Among women, PQII accounted for an additional 2 and 1% of the variance in SWB when controlling for the friendship dimensions (F (1, 800) = 17.02, p < .001) and personality (F (1, 805) = 15.51, p < .001), respectively. Finally, although PQII entered in the last step controlling for the other predictors was significant (F (1, 792) = 4.99, p < .05), the ΔR2 was .003.

  7. The associations of playfulness with positive emotions and negative emotions were .31 and − .15 (p < .01), respectively.

  8. Analyses controlling for gender yielded similar findings (R2 = 20; B = .15, 95% BCa CI = [0.10, 0.22]). Also, the alternative model when controlling for gender was not supported (B = .04, 95% BCa CI = [−0.00, 0.10]).

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  1. Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O Box 15106, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA

    Melikşah Demir

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Appendix

Appendix

Play Questionnaire III-Friendship

For each of the following items please indicate the extent to which the item accurately refers to your perceptions of yourself and your relationship with your same-sex best friend.

1 stands for “definitely not true for me” or “strongly uncharacteristic of the relationship.”

5 stands for “very true for me” or “strongly characteristic of the relationship.”

The middle numbers in the scale stand for intermediate degrees between “very true” and “definitely not true.”

  1. 1.

    I enjoy my best friend’s sense of humor.

  2. 2.

    We have our own unique and creative ways of having fun together.

  3. 3.

    Our play is often stimulating and refreshing.

  4. 4.

    I enjoy being spontaneous with my best friend.

  5. 5.

    I am happiest when we have time to relax and be spontaneous with each other.

  6. 6.

    Sometimes the same humorous thought crosses our minds at the same time.

  7. 7.

    I have fun acting silly with my best friend.

  8. 8.

    I find that our play is often meaningful and rewarding for me.

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Demir, M. Perceived playfulness in same-sex friendships and happiness. Curr Psychol 40, 2052–2066 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0099-x

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