Abstract
A great deal of constructivist international relations research on norms focuses on the diffusion of liberal human rights values. In contrast, this article analyzes how critics seek to undermine human rights principles in contexts where human rights norms are increasingly hegemonic. It argues that when norm challengers are frustrated by the institutionalization of human rights, they engage in transnational strategies to pursue their agendas. In norm proxy war, actors patronize surrogates in locales where norms are weak in the hope that victories abroad will reverberate internationally and at home. This dynamic is illustrated by American evangelical sponsorship of political homophobia in Uganda, culminating in that country’s draconian anti-LGBT legislation. When norms are resisted through outsourcing, actors contract out human rights violations in an effort to erode norms through practice, as evidenced by patterns of extraterritorial detention and extraordinary rendition to torture in the post-9/11 “Global War on Terror.” Identifying these patterns broadens understanding of potential pathways of norm contestation.
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Notes
It is important to note that liberalism is not unproblematic. As a variety of critical scholars have noted, universal and individualistic liberal rights frames often fail to address the reality of racial, gender, and class hierarchies and may even impede the pursuit of social justice through demobilizing and depoliticizing progressive struggles (see McCann 2014 for an overview of the socio-legal literature). The alliance between liberal interventionism, American imperialism, and human rights metanarratives threatens the “end times” of human rights as check on state violence (Hopgood 2013). In this sense, not all critiques of liberal rights are challenges to human rights per se. Nonetheless, mainstream contemporary human rights norms are generally embedded in liberal assumptions and face resistance from foes opposed to the equality and dignity of all human beings. It is this latter category of unprogressive critics that this article is concerned with.
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Sanders, R. Norm Proxy War and Resistance Through Outsourcing: The Dynamics of Transnational Human Rights Contestation. Hum Rights Rev 17, 165–191 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-016-0399-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-016-0399-1