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Ma da solo mi esercitavo su Luciano che mi piaceva più di tutti.

(But I studied Lucian on my own and liked him more than all the others.)

Elio Vittorini, Il garofano rosso, Milan, 1974, p. 298.

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Notes

  1. Heineman 86 is accession number MA 6547, The Morgan Library & Museum, New York. The cover sheet bears the handwritten title ‘Lucien Ἔρωτες’ and is stamped at the bottom ‘vente flaubert’. The library of the industrialist and philanthropist Dannie Heineman (1872–1962) in 1947 passed into the Dannie and Hettie Heineman Foundation, which bequeathed its holdings to the Pierpont Morgan Library of New York in 1977.

  2. The reader will find a transcription of the Heineman material in Appendix 1, and a translation in Appendix 2. For reduced facsimiles of pages from the commentaries on Menippus and On Mourning, see H. G. Zagona Flaubert's “Roman Philosophique” and the Voltairian Heritage, Lanham MD, 1985, pp. 120–7. A study of Flaubert’s library shows that he owned Dindorf’s 1840 Greek-Latin edition of Lucian’s works, Opera, ed. W. Dindorf, Paris, 1840: see http://flaubert.univ-rouen.fr/bibliotheque/05_pz.php#ouvrag06 under ‘Samosate, Lucien de’. In Dindorf’s edition, the works do not appear in the sequence found in Flaubert, but are numbered as follows: Peregrinus LXVIII, De amoribus XXXIII, Somnium sive Gallus XLV, Menippus sive Necromanteia XI and De luctu L.

  3. Books and Manuscripts from the Heineman Collection, New York, 1963, p. 59. H. G. Zagona, ‘Flaubert Manuscripts at the Pierpont Morgan Library’, The French Review, 63, 1990, pp. 524–8, proposes a date of 1857–1861 for the material in Lot 44 of the 1931 auction (=Heineman MS 83).

  4. E. Said, Orientalism, New York, 1978.

  5. A second edition in thirty-seven volumes was published by C. L. F. Panckoucke (1821–1826).

  6. Portions of the author’s diary are printed in Gustave Flaubert, Voyage en Égypte, ed. P.-M. De Biasi, Paris, 1991.

  7. After his first journey to North Africa, Du Camp published Souvenirs et paysages d’Orient, Paris, 1848; online at https://books.google.com/books?id=67RWAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

    (1848). Du Camp began to publish his recollections of the walking tour in Brittany in 1852, while Flaubert’s notes were published posthumously: see Gustave Flaubert, Par les champs et par les grèves, Paris, 1881.

  8. See plate 2 for an image of the Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, in Égypte, Nubie, Palestine et Syrie (1852), p. 119: ‘Syrie. Baalbeck, Intérieur de l'enceinte des Temples du Soleil et de Jupiter.’ A selection of Du Camp’s photographs is available at https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/egypte-nubie-palestine-et-syrie-dessins-photographiques-recueillis-pendant#/?tab=about&scroll=53.

  9. See K. Brown, ‘Egyptian Voyages: Gustave Flaubert, Maxime Du Camp, and Fouad Elkoury’, History of Photography, 38:2, 2014, pp. 161–72 (162): ‘In his book Le Nil: Egypte et Nubie (1854), Du Camp writes that “the spirit of modern literature is that of the traveler.” He draws a comparison between his journey to Egypt and voyages to the East that had been undertaken earlier in the century by celebrated writers such as Lord Byron, François-René de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine and Victor Hugo.’

  10. The biography of Gustave Le Gray (1813–1884) offers interesting parallels to that of his pupil Du Camp. In 1860, he sailed on Alexandre Dumas’s yacht to Sicily, where he met the patriotic Italian liberators known as the Mille, and photographed Garibaldi and war-torn Palermo. In 1864, he settled in Cairo, where he taught drawing and continued his photographic career. On Du Camp as a photographer, see J. Ballerini, ‘Maxime Du Camp’, in Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, ed. J. Hannavy, New York, 2008, pp. 441–3.

  11. Said, Orientalism (n. 4 above), pp. 186–8; A. Baskanov, Vom Realismus zur Moderne: Die Darstellung des antiken Orients in “Salammbô” von Gustave Flaubert und “Joseph und seine Brüder” von Thomas Mann, Würzburg, 1999, p. 92. Brown (n. 9 above), p. 167, observes that ‘the encounter with Kuchuk-Hanem … not only expresses the gendered image of the “Orient” that featured in much 19th-century writing, but also epitomises European stereotypes about female sexuality and preconceptions about relations between “Oriental” women and visitors from abroad. For Flaubert, Egypt is a land with a feminised history (the reign of Cleopatra) and a present characterised by prostitutes who engage in sex with their clients like “machines”.’ For this last observation, she cites Flaubert’s letter to Louise Colet of 27 March 1853, in Gustave Flaubert, Correspondance, ed. J. Bruneau, 5 vols, Paris, 1973–2007, III, p. 282: ‘La femme orientale est une machine, et rien de plus … ’ (‘The Oriental woman is a machine, and nothing more').

  12. Brown (n. 9 above), p. 164, notes that ‘Du Camp’s photographs of Egypt are primarily of ancient monuments’, rather than of contemporary scenes.

  13. Cited in S. Goddard, Flaubert and the Literature of Classical Antiquity, 1999, p. 273; online at https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b536dbbe-2f2e-46fc-ae50-bab411ca93d4. See his letter of July 1860, addressed to the Goncourt brothers, cited in Baskanov, Vom Realismus zur Moderne (n. 11 above), p. 11, n. 11, in which he exclaims: ‘J’aime l’histoire, follement. Les morts m’agréent plus que les vivants. Cet amour-là est, du reste, une chose toute nouvelle dans l’humanité. Le sens historique date d’hier, et c’est peut-être ce que le XIXe siècle a de meilleur’ (‘I love history, madly. The dead please me more than the living. Such love, moreover, is a something entirely new for humanity. The sense of history is of recent date, and is perhaps the best thing the 19th century has given us’).

  14. On echoes of Livy in Salammbô, see Luigi Foscolo Benedetto, Le Origini di Salammbô (Studio sul realismo storico di G. Flaubert), Florence, 1920; online at https://archive.org/stream/leoriginidisalam00beneuoft#page/n5/mode/1upBenedetto 1920, 261–307.

  15. On the origins of Salammbô as reflected in Flaubert’s letters, see F.-A. Blossom, La composition de “Salammbô” d’après la correspondance de Flaubert (1857–1862), Princeton, 1914; rpt. New York, 1965.

  16. For a comparison of the ‘Oriental’ antiquities in Salammbô and Joseph und seine Brüder, see C. Koelb and R. Spicehandler, ‘The Influence of Flaubert's Salammbô on Mann’s Joseph und seine Brüder’, Comparative Literature Studies, 13, 1976, pp. 315–22; and Baskanov, Vom Realismus zur Moderne (n. 11 above).

  17. See Lucian, On the Syrian Goddess, ed. with introd., transl. and comment. J. L. Lightfoot, Oxford and New York, 2003. On the parodic features of the work, aimed principally at Herodotus and at his Book II on Egypt, see C. Pisano, ‘Satira e contro-storia nel De Syria Dea di Luciano’, Mythos, 5, 2011, pp. 117–30. Rather than parody, Lightfoot, p. 221, describes the work as ‘the indissoluble mixture, not of fact and fiction, but of informativeness and literariness’. For other parallels with Herodotus, see ibid., p. 161.

  18. Flaubert, Correspondance (n. 11 above), II, pp. 215–17: ‘En recepvant, à ce matin, la tant vostre gente épistre, i’ay esté marry, vrayment … ’ In the next letter to Bouilhet, he writes, ibid., p. 220: ‘J’ai répondu par une lettre en langage du xvie siècle, dont je suis assez content … ’ (‘I replied in a letter in 16th-century prose, with which I am quite pleased’).

  19. Benedetto, Le Origini (n. 14 above).

  20. G. Mondon, ‘D’Astarté à Tanit: Flaubert lecteur de La Déesse Syrienne de Lucien de Samosate’, Flaubert. Revue critique et génétique, 2014; online at Genèse, Études de genèse, posted 6 October 2014: http://flaubert.revues.org/2233; and eadem, ‘Une éducation sentimentale ou le roman d’amour de Salammbô’, Flaubert. Revue critique et génétique, 2010; online at Genèse, Études de genèse, posted 14 July 2010: https://flaubert.revues.org/1161. On Lucian’s De Dea Syria, see also Benedetto, Le Origini (n. 14 above), pp. 126–38.

  21. For the name of the Villa Tanit, see Salammbô, Chapter V, in which Matho and Spendius enter the temple of the goddess Tanit (whose priestess is Salammbô) to steal the zaimph, or sacred veil, that protects Carthage.

  22. See W. Cather, Not Under Forty, New York, 1936, chap. 1.

  23. For the catalogue, see https://docplayer.fr/216555-Manuscrits-livres-meubles-objets-d-art-gustave-flaubert-mobilier-ancien-et-moderne-de-la-villa-tanit-assiste-de.html, p. 9 (Lot 44 = Heineman 83) and p. 10 (Lot 54 = Heineman 86).

  24. The Dannie and Hettie Heineman Collection, New York, 1978, p. 3: ‘ … they found it necessary to leave behind the reference library and sales catalogues with records of acquisitions, and consequently it is not possible to trace the provenance of some important items’.

  25. L. Ranieri, Dannie Heineman patron de la SOFINA. Un destin singulier, Brussels, 2005, p. 449; my translation from the French.

  26. Goddard, Flaubert (n. 13 above), pp. 9–10.

  27. On the fortune of Lucian in 16th-century France, see Lauvergnat-Gagnière 1978; on 17th-century France, see E. Bury, ‘Un sophiste impérial à l’Académie: Lucien en France au XVIIe siècle’, in Lucian of Samosata Vivus et Redivivus, ed. C. R. Ligota and L. Panizza, London and Turin, 2007, pp. 145–74; on Lucian and Voltaire, see C. Robinson, Lucian and His Influence in Europe, London, 1979, pp. 150–5; on Voltaire and Flaubert, see Zagona, Flaubert's “Roman Philosophique” (n. 2 above).

  28. Goddard, Flaubert (n. 13 above), p. 66.

  29. Zagona, ‘Flaubert Manuscripts’ (n. 3 above), p. 526: see Lucian, Opera (n. 2 above), on line at http://flaubert.univ-rouen.fr/bibliotheque/05_pz.php#ouvrag06 (Lucian listing in Flaubert’s library).

  30. The Turkish puppet Karagöz had already been described by D. Camp, Souvenirs (n. 7 above), pp. 235–6.

  31. On the authenticity of the work, see J. Jope, ‘Interpretation and Authenticity of the Lucianic Erotes’, Helios, 38, 2011, pp. 103–20.

  32. Although the reference is unclear, Flaubert may be referring to the Biographie universelle classique, Paris, 1829, III, pp. 1772–3. This entry, often reprinted, cites Boissonade only once, and not on Lucian’s rhetoric: ‘selon M. Boissonade Lucien serait mort de la goutte’ (‘according to Boissonade, Lucian died of gout’).

  33. See Friedrich Creuzer, Religions de l’antiquité: considerées principalement dans leurs formes symboliques et mythologiques, ed. and transl. J.-D. Guigniaut, 10 vols, Paris, 1825–1852; on the work in France, see W. P. Sohnle, Georg Friedrich Creuzers Symbolik und Mythologie in Frankreich eine Untersuchung ihres Einflusses auf Victor Cousin, Edgar Quinet, Jules Michelet und Gustave Flaubert. Göppingen, 1972.

  34. On the treatise, see I. Lada-Richards, ‘“In the Mirror of the Dance”: A Lucianic Metaphor in Its Performative and Ethical Contexts’, Mnemosyne, 58, 2005, pp. 335–57; ead., ‘Becoming Mad on Stage: Lucian on the Perils of Acting and Spectating’, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 49, 2010, pp. 145–64; ead. Silent Eloquence: Lucian and Pantomime Dancing, London, 2007.

  35. Gustave Flaubert, Salammbô, in his Oeuvres completes, Paris, 1921, p. 405; online at https://archive.org/stream/salammbo00flau#page/n5/mode/2up; on the celestial dance of the stars, see Mondon, ‘D’Astarté à Tanit’ (n. 20 above), pp. 48–9, and Marsh, ‘Luciano e Gustave Flaubert’ (n. * above), pp. 67–8.

  36. Flaubert compares this nocturnal visitation to Le Sage’s 1707 novel Le diable boiteux (Lame Devil). English readers will think of Dickens’s Christmas Carol.

  37. For a reduced facsimile of this commentary, see Zagona, Flaubert's “Roman Philosophique” (n. 2 above), pp. 120–4.

  38. See D. Marsh, Lucian and the Latins: Humor and Humanism in the Early Renaissance, Ann Arbor, 1998, p. 50: ‘In the 1850s, Gustave Flaubert was reading and annotating Lucian’s Menippus as he planned the “philosophical novel” that would eventually become Bouvard et Pécuchet. In the conclusion of the novel as Flaubert planned it, the title characters were to emulate Lucian’s Menippus, as well as Voltaire’s Candide: discovering the vanity of philosophy, they would embrace the ordinary life and return to their humble trade of copying.’

  39. For a reduced facsimile of this commentary, see Zagona, Flaubert's “Roman Philosophique” (n. 2 above), pp. 125–7.

  40. Mondon, ‘D’Astarté à Tanit’ (n. 20 above), pp. 48–9, who examines in detail Flaubert’s preparatory notebooks for Salammbô held in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, fonds NAF 23656-23662: texts online at http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc12154p/ca114.

  41. Mondon ‘D’Astarté à Tanit’ (n. 20 above), pp. 48–9.

  42. Flaubert 1921, p. 405.

  43. Lucian with an English Translation, ed. and transl. A. M. Harmon, K. Kilburn and M. D. Macleod, 8 vols, Cambridge, MA, 1913–1967), V, p. 221; online at http://lucianofsamosata.info/downloads/loeb_lucian_vol1.pdfupto-vol7.pdf

  44. The transcription that follows records faithfully the text presented in the manuscript, with a minimum of editorial corrections of accents, punctuation, or spelling. (Thus, where Flaubert omits Greek accents and breathings, I have left the text as he wrote it.) In square brackets, I have added the paragraph numbers of Lucian’s works according to modern editions.

  45. In Appendix 2, I translate the French text of my diplomatic transcription (Appendix 1), including the more important pentimenti (passages cancelled and replaced), as well as Lucian’s Greek, cited according to modern paragraph numbers. In square brackets I have offered an English translation based on Lucian, The Works …, transl. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, Oxford, 1905; online at https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/fowl/index.htm and Lucian with an English Translation (n. 43 above).

  46. Flaubert mistakenly thinks that Peregrinus escaped unharmed, when, in fact, the participle βεβυσμένος is a perfective form that means that he suffered the consequences. In ancient Athens, adulterers were punished by having a radish inserted in their rectum: see Aristophanes, The Clouds 1083.

  47. Agathobulus was a 2nd-century Cynic philosopher who lived in Alexandria and taught both Peregrinus and Demonax (see Lucian, Demonax 3).

  48. Flaubert refers to Karagöz (‘Black Eye’), the hero of the Turkish puppet theatre, which he saw on his trip to the Orient in 1849–1851.

  49. In Greek myth, Philoctetes lit the funeral pyre of Hercules.

  50. The Colonnade of the Seven Echoes was located on the eastern edge of the sacred precinct at Olympia.

  51. In Greek mythology, the Lernaean hydra was a monster with many heads; if one were cut off, two more would grow in its place.

  52. The Thesmophoria was a harvest festival attended only by women.

  53. The Eros of Thespiae in Boeotia was a work of Praxiteles, also the sculptor of the Aphrodite of Cnidus.

  54. Book XIII of Athenaeus’s Deipnosophists (Banquet Philosophers), a Greek symposiac dialogue written c. 200, contains anecdotes about courtesans.

  55. Jill Kraye suggests that Flaubert has in mind Martial, VI.67: ‘Cur tantum eunuchos habeat tua Caelia, quaeris,/ Pannyche? Volt futui Caelia nec parere’ (‘Do you ask why your Caelia has only eunuchs, Pannychus? She wants to get fucked but not get pregnant’).

  56. Flaubert is probably referring to the 1827 edition of Pliny the Elder: ‘Colligebat Nicolaus Eligius Lemaire, Caii Plinii Secundi Historiae Naturalis libri xxvii, Parisiis mdcccxxvii.’ In the Perseus online translation, one finds this note on Pliny, Natural History, VII.2: ‘We have some valuable remarks by Cuvier, on the account given by Pliny of the Arimaspi and the Griffins, and on the source from which it appears to have originated, in Lemaire, vol. iii. p. 16.’

  57. For this expression, see Balzac, La femme de trente ans (1842), and Flaubert, Éducation sentimentale, Paris, 1984, p. 194: ‘Il n’en avait remarqué aucune, et préférait, d’ailleurs, les femmes de trente ans.’

  58. See n. 32 above.

  59. Flaubert’s term ‘gradation’ refers to stylistic climax, which is, in fact, the simile employed by Theomnestus when he declares that ‘Love has made a ladder (klimax) of pleasure (ὥσπερ ἡδονῆς κλίμακα συμπηξάμενος).’

  60. The Salii were a Roman priesthood; the Dactyls were mythological smiths and magicians from Crete; and the rites of Dionysus (Bacchus) involved frenetic dancing.

  61. Less famous than his Spartan namesake, the Thracian king Lycurgus was punished by Dionysus for banning his rites.

  62. In Lucian, ὀπώρα refers to the fruit guarded by the dragon, not the season of the year.

  63. On this episode, see Lada-Richards, ‘Becoming Mad on Stage’ (n. 34 above).

  64. In Alain-René Lesage’s 1707 novel Le diable boiteux (The Devil Upon Two Sticks), a demon named Asmodeus takes a nobleman for a nocturnal flight, during which he removes the roofs of houses to reveal the lives of the inhabitants.

  65. In Greek mythology, the Poenae (Ποιναί) were personified goddesses of vengeance.

  66. Of the Greeks at Troy, Nireus was second in beauty only to Achilles. Irus is a beggar who appears in Book VIII of the Odyssey.

  67. Tiresias’s advice influenced both Voltaire and Flaubert. See Zagona, Flaubert's “Roman Philosophique” (n. 2 above), p. 27: ‘The final answer of Tiresias to Menippus, his secretly offered formula for attaining the best life, is precisely the one offered by the “bon vieillard” at the conclusion of Candide and that arrived at by Flaubert’s two “bonshommes” at the conclusion of Bouvard et Pécuchet.’

  68. ‘To descend into the cave of Trophonius’ (near the city of Lebadaea in Boeotia) was a proverbial expression for suffering a disorientating fright. In this way, Menippus’s return to the world parallels that of Virgil’s Aeneas, who passes through the deceptive Gates of Ivory.

  69. Flaubert writes ‘dans la bouche de chacun’ (literally, ‘in everyone’s mouth’); but this expression, ironic in the present context, is not found in Lucian.

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Correspondence to David Marsh.

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I would like to thank Dr Philip Palmer, Dr John Marciari and the staff of the Pierpont Morgan Library for their help in my research. I am also grateful to two anonymous readers for the International Journal of the Classical Tradition for providing valuable suggestions, and to Jill Kraye for invaluable assistance in editing and annotating the text. Portions of this essay were read during a conference held in Pisa in October 2017: see D. Marsh, ‘Luciano e Gustave Flaubert’, in Luciano di Samosata nell’Europa del Quattro e del Cinquecento. Atti del Convegno, Pisa, … 2017, 2 vols (= Italianistica. Rivista di letteratura italiana, 47.3), Pisa and Rome, 2018–2019, II, pp. 59–69, and during a seminar given at Johns Hopkins University in September 2018.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Lucian and Flaubert

Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, MS. Heineman 86,

Diplomatic Transcription of the French and Greek TextFootnote 44

[fol. 1r]

Mort de Peregrinus

Περὶ τῆς Περεγρίνου Τελευτῆς

Peregrinus n’a pas fait comme Empedocle qui s’est jeté dans le cratère, loin des yeux des hommes, mais c’est au public et afin qu’on le voie – mis par les cyniques au dessus d’Antisthène ou de Socrate, ils en font un demi-dieu et l’égalent à Jupiter. Voici quels sont ses antecedents.

Jeune homme il a été surpris en Armenie, comme adultère et force de sauter du toit, sauvant ainsi son derrière d’une rave. διέφυγε, ῥαφανῖδι τὴν πυγὴν βεβυσμένος [9] (βεβυσμένος devant etre bouché) – ayant ensuite corrompu un adolescent il paya troi mille aux parents pauvres pout n’etre point conduit au gouverneur d’Armenie – il tua ensuite son père, et s’exila.

Ensuite il alla en Palestine, e y etudia l’etrange sagesse des chretiens θαυμαστὴν σοφίαν Χριστιανῶν [11] frequentant les prêtres et les scribes. Puis il s’etablit prophete lui même, chef de tous ce gens là, et prince de la synagogue ξυναγωγεὺς [11] (=celui qui rassamble, qui unit). Il interpretait les livres, en ecrivain, etait considere comme maître, καὶ ὡς θεὸν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνοι ἡγοῦντο. ils (ceux-là) honoraient σέβουσι [11] ce grand homme (τὸν μέγαν ἄνθρωπον) mort en Palestine su la croix pour avoir introduit dans la vie ces nouveaux mystères ὅτι καινὴν ταύτην τελετὴν εἰσῆγεν ἐς τὸν βίον (τελετὴς rite, ceremonie – issue?)

[cancelled in margin: σέβουσι est faible, honorer d’un culte religieux est la nuance plus forte du verbe. J. C. n’etait donc pas encore consideré comme fils de dieu. Lucien n’aurait pas manqué de le dire]

Protée (=Peregrinus) fut mis en prison pour cela (ἐπὶ τούτῳ). Quand il fut dans les fers/

[fol. 1v] tous les chretiens vinrent le voir, veuves orphelins. ils corrompaient les gardiens et passaient la nuit avec lui.

le §13 est l’exposition rapide des idées des chretiens. leur legislateur leur a persuadé d’etre frères, qu’ils seraient immortels – s’offrant d’eux à la mort – l’adorent fixé sur la croix – mepris des richesses. il y a pour les fripons profit à faire, avec eux. il devient riche en peu de temps.

le gouverneur de Syrie, homme aimant la philosophie, voyant que Peregrinus souhaitait la mort afin de laisser un grand nom, le renvoya, ne l’en jugeant pas digne.

il retourna donc dans sa patrie. mais il fut tourmenté par la rumeur publique se ressouv<en>ant encore de son parricide. (le parricide n’est pas detaillé, il n’y a aucune circonstance v. §10 il l’etrangla ἀπέπνιξε mais ἀποπνιζω veut dire aussi faire mourir de depit) – ruiné par tous ses voyages, il vagabonda en chretien, menant une vie differente.

Puil il partit pour l’Egypte avec Agatobule (παρὰ τὸν Ἀγαθόβουλον [17] etait-ce un homme où une ville) et là s’y livra à un exercice admirable, la tete rapée et d’un coté, et la figure couverte de boue en presence de beaucoup de gens assemblés il se montrait frottant sa pine

(interlinear gloss: ἀναφλῶν τὸ αἰδοῖον – ἀναφλαω exciter par l’attouchment φλαω petrir) puis se frappait sur les fesses avec une ferule et se faisait frapper, executant d’ailleurs beaucoup d’autres choses encore plus merveilleuses εἶτα παίων καὶ παιόμενο παιόμενος νάρθηκι εἰς τὰς πυγὰς [17] mais παίω veut dire aussi agiter, et εἰς dans [superscript] tant aussi presque sûr – ceci me rappele involontairement les exhibitions sodomites de Kar’agheus.

de là voyage en italie – il insulte le capitaine du vaisseau qui ne lui repond rien – le prefet de la ville le fait sortir de Rome, à cause de son intemperance de langage – arrivé en Grèce, il excite les habitans à prendre les armes contre les romains. /

[fol. 2r: upper right ‘Peregrinus 2.’)

il ne cessait de dire du mal d’outrager, l’homme, egalement remarquable par sa science et son rang, qui, entr’autres bienfaits qu’il avait rendus à la Grèce, avait conduit amené l’eau à Olympie et empeché par là les grecs de que les spectateurs ne perissent de soif. [in margin: Mais Olympie est sur les bords même de l’Alphée, comment cela se peut-il?] – Car souvent même, il en perissait beaucoup, ce qui à cause de la secheresse de ces lieux – et tout en buvant de cette eau Peregrinus accusait cet homme d’avoir amolli les Grecs. – aussi voulut-on le lapider, et il fut obligé de se refugier dans le temple de Jupiter (§ 19.)

Quatre ans après il revint là, et fit l’eloge de celui qui avait amené les eaux et amende honorable. – il commença à penser à son bucher et à en repandre le bruit.

les § suivants sont pleins de reflexions morales où on le blame de son projet. – pourquoi ne se brulait-il pas à l’écart? comparaison de’erostrate etc. – Hercule au moins s’est brulé poussé par la maladie, mais lui, ce n’est que par la vanité afin de montrer sa patience commes les Brachmanes. Car ayant bati un bucher il montaient dessus, en costume, et y restent jusqu’à la fin sans se deranger de leur posture.

Peregrinus fit (ou Protée) parut au milieu d’une foule immense et fit d’abord publier par un heraut qui le precedait, la vie qu’il avait mené, les perils qu’il avait subi et ce qu’il avait souffert pour la cause de la philosophie.

‘J’en enten entendis peu de choses à cause de l’extrême mulititude, et de peur d’etre etouffé je m’ecartai.

Je l’entendis pourtant (Protée) qui disait vouloir mettre une couronne d’or à un vie dorée, et qu’il convenait que celui qui avait vecu come Hercule mourut comme Hercule et se mêlat aux airs. il ajoutait qu’il voulait montrer comment il fallait mepriser la mort & que tous les hommes lui seraient des Philoctètes.<’> – quelqu’uns des plus stupides pleuraient et criaient/

[fol. 2v]

conserve toi pour les grecs. – et d’autres plus fort criaient: que les destins s’accomplissent. – cela fit palir le viellard qui avait compté que tous le retiendraient et le forceraient de vivre. – cette grande clameur le fit pâlir, quoiqu’il fut deja de la couleur d’un cadavre et trembler. il feu s’arrêtra de parler. moi je riais come tu penses, il n’etait nullement digne di pitié etc. – et le narrateur reste à Olympie, malgré lui, à cause de manque de voiture. Peregrinus avait publié qu’il se brulerait de nuit. un compagnon du narrateur (de Lucien, car rien n’autorise à croire qu’il ne parle pas en son propre nom) l’eveilla au milieu de la nuit, et ils gagnent Harpinès où etait le bucher στάδιοι πάντες οὗτοι εἴκοσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὀλυμπίας κατὰ τὸν ἱππόδρομον ἀπιόντων πρὸς ἕω. [35] [in margin: position de Αρπινης, à vingt stades d’Olympie] – en arrivant nous vimes le bucher construit dans une fosse de quatre coudées de profondeur. – il y avait les flambeaux, ent de place en place et des entre les sarments pour que le feu prensse plus vite.

Au lever de la lune – il convenait qu’elle put voir ce beau spectacle – il s’habil s’avança habillé comme de coutume et avec lui les principaux des cyniques et surtout ce brave homme de Patras tenant un flambeau (καὶ μάλιστα ὁ γεννάδας ὁ ἐκ Πατρῶν, δᾷδα ἔχων [36]) qu’est-ce que cela veut dire, quel etait-il?) et Protée aussi portait un flambeau. – ils y mirent le feu de coté et d’autre, et lui se depoulliant de sa besace, de son manteaux et de son massue d’Hercule, parut en linge sale. – il demanda que lon de l’encens pour le jeter dans le feu, et quelqu’un en lui ayant donné, il dit en se tournant vers le midi, Demons de mon pére et de ma mére, recevez moi de bonne volonté, il sauta dans le feu et la une grande flamme s’elevant le recouvrit bientot.

les cyniques restèrent autour du bucher silencieux et tristes. – jusqaqu’à ce que Lucien leur fasse quelques plaisanteries/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘Peregrinus 3.’]

qui le font se jeter sur leur batons. – et il s’enfuit pour ne pas etre jeté dans le feu, avec leur maître.

il rencontre en route beaucoup de gens qui allaient se hataient pour voir le spectacle, car en avai croyaient qu’il montrerait sur son bucher au soleil levant à la manière des Brachmanes – Lucien s’amuse à conter aux nigauds qu’au moment où Protée est monté sur le bucher il y a eu un grand coup de tonnerre et qu’un vautour aigle grande l’envolant de la flame a crié d’une voix humaine, J’ai laissé la terre, je vais dans l’Olympe – stup ebahissement de ses auditeurs – un viellard de ceux-ci declara que peu après le supplice il a vu Protée en vêtement blanc se promener dans sous la portique des sept Voix et il ajouta qu’il avait vu le vautour s’envolant.

Juge ensuite continue Lucien s’adressant à son lecteur, combien il a du venir là d’abeilles, comme les cigales, ont chanté. les corneilles y voler comme autour du tombeau d’Hesiode, - j’ai vu de ses statues à Elis faites par les gens d’Elide et d’autres grecs qui pretendaient qu’il leur avait ecrit. –

Lucien accuse encore Peregrinus d’avoir eu peur en mer dans un traversée (43) et peu de jours avant sa mort de s’etre donné une indigestion pour avoir trop mangé. – il trouve aussi qu’il a eu tort, peu de temps avant de mourir, ayant mal aux yeux de se frotter les yeux avec un collyre. –

Malgré tout ce que Lucien fait, Peregrinus ne parait pas ridicule – la narration a du reste l’air très vraie come precision et particularités de details.

***

[fol. 1r]

Lucien

De amoribus

Le dialogue a lieu entre Lycinos et Theomnestos.

celui-ci se plaint de la quantité d’amours qui l’assaillent

Θᾶττον ἄν μοι, ὦ Λυκῖνε, θαλάττης κύματα καὶ πυκνὰς ἀπ᾽ οὐρανοῦ νιφάδας ἀριθμήσειας ἢ τοὺς ἐμοὺς Ἔρωτας [2] – lui renaissent come les tetes de l’hydra de Lerne.

c’est se plaindre de ce qui fait plaisir repond Lycinos τῶν γε μὴν ἐρωτικῶν ἱμέρων αὐτὸ τὸ βασανίζον εὐφραίνει καὶ γλυκὺς ὀδοὺς ὁ τοῦ πόθου δάκνει· πειράσας μὲν γὰρ ἐλπίζεις, τυχὼν δ᾽ ἀπολέλαυκας· ἴση δὲ ἡδονὴ τῷ παρεῖναι καὶ τὸ μέλλον [3].

Theomnestos prie Lycinos de lui dire lequel est le meilleur de l’amour des hommes ou de celui des femmes. quant à lui il n’en sait rien etant egalement porté à l’un et à l’autre – Lycinos se rappelle à ce propos la contestation à ce sujet de deux hommes de sa connaissance – et va la rapporter.

il faisait voile vers l’italie – après avoir embrassé ses amis il ne s’embarque & s’asseoit à côté du pilote. καὶ ῥοθίῳ τῷ τῶν ἐλατήρων μετὰ μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἀναχθέντες, ἐπειδὴ μάλα καὶ κατόπιν ἡμᾶς ἐποίμαινον αὖραι, τὸν ἱστὸν ἐκ τῶν μεσοκοίλων ἄραντες καρχησίῳ τὸ κέρας προσεστείλαμεν· εἶτ᾽ ἀθρόας κατὰ τῶν κάλων τὰς ὀθόνας ἐκχέαντες ἠρέμα πιμπλαμένου τοῦ λίνου κατ᾽ οὐδὲν οἶμαι βέλους ἐλάττονι ῥοίζῳ διιπτάμεθα βαρὺ τοῦ κύματος ὑποβρυχωμένου περὶ τὴν σχίζουσαν αὐτὸ πρῷραν. [6] – on s’arrete à Rhodes, Lycinos ville consacrée au soleil. Lycinos s’amuse à regarder les peintures du temple de subil Bacchus, quelques gens se proposent, pour une petite recompense de lui donner des explications. il s’en va, lorsqu’il rencontre à sa grand joie leurs amis Chariclès de Corinthe et Callicratidas d’Athènes, le premier aimait les femmes et s’adonnant à la parure, le second les jeunes gens, ne frequentait que les palestres & vivait en/ [fol. 1v] philosophe. Ils veulent chacun l’entrainer à diner mais Lycinos les invite d’abord tous deux et il l’on terra ensuite il va ensuite chez l’un & chez l’autre. Ce qui fut bien – le gout de ces deux differens amis se decelait dans leur façon de vivre. l’Athenien n’avait pour son service que des jeunes enfans sans barbe. subi sitôt quelqu laine commençait à leur pousser au menton, il les envoyait à ses champs de l’attique comme fermiers ou economes. Mais la maison de Charicles etait pleine de femmes, choeurs de danseuses et de musiciennes, comme aux Thesmophores. en fait d’homme il n’y avait peut-etre qu’un petit enfant et un vieux cuisinier dont le grand age arrêtait preverrait de soi seul toute calomnie – ils s’embarquent avec lui pour l’italie.

à Cnide il s’arrêtent pour voir le temple de Venus mais Callicratidas n’y va pas de bon coeur Καλλικρατίδας δ᾽ ὡς ἐπὶ θέαν θήλειαν ἄκων, ἥδιον ἂν οἶμαι τῆς Ἀφροδίτης Κνιδίας τὸν ἐν Θεσπιαῖς ἀντικαταλλαξάμενος Ἔρωτα. [11]

[in margine: qu’est-ce que c’etait que l’Amour de Thespies? – quelque dieu pederastique puisqu’il est en opposition avec la Venus de Cnide.]

§ 19. description du temple de Venus à Cnide. Beaucoup de verdure – κυπαρίττων γε καὶ πλατανίστων αἰθέρια μήκη [12] de la vigne du lierre autour des arbres, de la vigne qui bellement pend, car Bacchus se mèle bien avec Venus. tous deux s’avivent. ἦν δ᾽ ὑπὸ ταῖς ἄγαν παλινσκίοις ὕλαις ἱλαραὶ κλισίαι τοῖς ἐνεστιᾶσθαι θέλουσιν, εἰς ἃ τῶν μὲν ἀστικῶν σπανίως ἐπεφοίτων τινές, ἀθρόος δ᾽ ὁ πολιτικὸς ὄχλος ἐπανηγύριζεν ὄντως ἀφροδισιάζοντες. [12]

La deesse, ouvrage de Praxiteles, est dans le milieu dut du temple – en marbre de Paros σεσηρότι γέλωτι μικρὸν ὑπομειδιῶσα [13] – elle est nue et cache seulement πλὴν ὅσα τῇ ἑτέρᾳ χειρὶ τὴν αἰδῶ λεληθότως ἐπικρύπτειν [13] Charicles est pris d’enthousiasme, s’ecrie que Mars a ete bien heureux d’etre vaincu par elle, et baise la statue tant qu’il peut. Callicratidas ne dit rien – Mais il l’eut vue par derrière, il tomba dans les mêmes admirations que Chariclès: Ἡράκλεις, ὅση μὲν τῶν μεταφρένων εὐρυθμία, πῶς δ᾽ ἀμφιλαφεῖς αἱ λαγόνες, ἀγκάλισμα χειροπληθές … [14]

(mot à mot: combien abondants les flancs (avec une idée de creux) obj chose embrassée qui emplit la main)/

[fol. 2r: upper right ‘2.’]

et tout le reste du §14 qui continue la description exclamative.

la statue avait une tache sur la cuisse – il pensait que c’etait un defaut du marbre et admirait le genie de Praxiteles qui avait su le releguer tact dan s’arranger de façon pourqu’il fut caché dans les parties les moins visibles quand le concièrge leur conta, qu’un jeune homme de bonne maison etait devenu amoureux de la deesse. [in margin: Jeune homme amoureux d’une statue & jouissant d’elle (la même histoire est dans Athénée (liv<re> des courtisans?) l’anecdote se passe en Espagne] – il arrivait au temple dès l’aurore & y restait tout la journée, les yeux fixés sur elle, on l’entendait quelquefois marmotter de petits discours caressants d’amour, quelquefois pour amuser sa passion il s’adressait à la deesse et eprouvait son espoir en prenant sur par les dés, faits d’osselets de gazelle – quand le sort etait pour lui il etait croyait qu’il jouirait de son desir, mais si la chance avait tourné contre lui, il s’en retournait plein de tristesse. Sa maladie gagnant, il ecrivait sur tous les murs & sur l’ecorce molle des arbres que venus etait belle ἐτιμᾶτο δ᾽ ἐξ ἴσου Διὶ Πραξιτέλης [16] [in margin: Praxiteles egalé à Jupiter] et s’il avait quelque chose de precieux chez lui, l’apportait en don à la deesse – enfin il en vint jusqu’à vouloir jouir d’elle. et se cacha un jour dans le temple – τῶν ἐρωτικῶν περιπλοκῶν ἴχνη ταῦτα μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν ὤφθη καὶ τὸν σπίλον εἶχεν ἡ θεὸς ὧν ἔπαθεν ἔλεγχον [16] – on dit que le jeune homme se jeta deroba aux regards des hommes en se jetant ensuite dans les flots de la mer ou en se brisant sur les rochers.

Qu’eut-il été donc si elle été animée – si c’eut été une femme veritable, s’ecrie Charicles. Callicratidas de son côté pretend que l’amant en a joui par derrière. Lycinos les calme & leur ordonne de parler chacun l’un après l’autre & c’est ici que commence la dissertation. – il sont allés dans un lieu ombreux.

Charicles commence par faire une invocation à Venus. ἴθι δὴ γυναιξὶν συνήγορος ἡ θήλεια, χάρισαι δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἀνδράσι μένειν ἄρρεσιν, ὡς ἐγεννήθησαν [19] elle est la première mère, la première sources des choses, qui conciliant tous les elemens entr’eux les a poussés à produire (§ 19) [in margin: idée comique de Venus] – pour la reception que les etres s’operent, il a fallu une dualité de sexe./[fol. 2v] τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἄρρεσιν ἰδίας καταβολὰς σπερμάτων χαρισαμένη, τὸ θῆλυ δ᾽ ὥσπερ γονῆς τι δοχεῖον ἀποφήνασα [19]

au commencement quand vivaient d’une façon heroïque, et pratiquaient une vertu voisine des Dieux, des [les] pères naissaient d’enfants de race (γενναίων [20] genereux) – ensuite il cherchèrent de nouvelles manieres de jouir. la luxure viola les lois de la nature συνῆλθε συνῆλθε δ᾽ εἰς μίαν κοίτην μία φύσις· αὑτοὺς δ᾽ ἐν ἀλλήλοις ὁρῶντες οὔθ᾽ ἃ δρῶσιν οὔθ᾽ ἃ πάσχουσιν ᾐδοῦντο, κατὰ πετρῶν δέ, φασίν, ἀγόνων σπείροντες ὀλίγης ἡδονῆς ἀντικατηλλάξαντο μεγάλην ἀδοξίαν. [20]

ils en vinrent jusqu’au point de tyrannie qu’ils violèrent la nature d’un fer sacrilege τῶν δέ τῶν δ᾽ ἀρρένων τὸ ἄρρεν ἐκκενώσαντες εὗρον ἡδονῆς παρέλκοντα μέτρα. [in the margin: on faisait des eunuques pour en faire des gitons – il y a un vers (de Martial?) qui dit quelles dames romaines raffolent de eunuques (comment?) voir un note de Cuvier dans Pline edition de Lemaire. où?] [21] si l’on eut suivi la coutume des femmes, on se fut epargné tous ces crimes. les lions ne poursuivent point les lions. ταῦρος ἀγελάρχης βουσὶν ἐπιθόρνυται, καὶ κριὸς ὅλην τὴν ποίμνην ἄρρενος πληροῖ σπέρματος. [22] – chaque animal cherche sa femelle et les lois de la Providence restent respectées.

Combien font semblant d’aimer la beauté de l’ame et qui sont enflammés par celle du corps – etait-ce donc aimer la vertu que d’aimer Alcibiade qui renversait les statues des Dieux et divulguait les mystères d’Eleusis.

Mais d’ailleurs la volupté des hom femmes est preferable à celle des garçons, car elle dure plus longtemps. Et plus une volupté est longue, plus elle est preferable. γυνὴ μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ παρθένου μέχρι μέσης ἡλικίας, πρὶν ἢ τελέως τὴν ἐσχάτην ῥυτίδα τοῦ γήρως ἐπιδραμεῖν, εὐάγκαλον ἀνδράσιν ὁμίλημα, κἂν παρέλθῃ τὰ τῆς ὥρας, ὅμως ‘ἡ ἐμπειρία ἔχει τι λέξαι τῶν νέων σοφώτερον’ (§25.) [in margin: la femme mûre estimée dans l’antiquité au point de vue de la volupté. l’invention de la femme de 30 ans n’est pas d’hier.] la beauté du jeune homme passe vite. bientôt il lui pousse des poils, ses membres durcissent. tandisque chez la femme au contraire la grace de la couleur brille toujours – du sommet de la tête les boucles de cheveux couleur de fer (πορφύροντες [26] noirs-rouges chatoiemens de lumière & d’ombres)/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘3.’]

semblables a la fleur des hyacinthes florissantes, sont en partie repandues sur le dos par derrière, ornement des epaules, et en partie autour des oreilles et des tempes, plus charmantes frisés (plus touffus) que le persil des prairies. – et le reste du corps où n’apparait pas un seul brin de poil brille plus clair qu’une vitre de Sidon. – et d’ailleurs on peut se servir de la femme de deux manieres, tandisqu’avec un garcon ne peut vous donner une la volupté de la femme (§ 27) – si les hommes vont ensemble les femmes font de même. et il faut avoir envers elles la même indulgence. [in margin: debuchemens [sic] des femmes entr’elles.] ἀλλήλαις ὁμιλησάτωσαν ὡς ἄνδρες· ἀσελγῶν δὲ ὀργάνων ὑποζυγωσάμεναι τέχνασμα, ἀσπόρων τεράστιον αἴνιγμα, κοιμάσθωσαν γυνὴ μετὰ γυναικὸς ὡς ἀνήρ· τὸ δὲ εἰς ἀκοὴν σπανίως ἧκον ὄνομα – αἰσχύνομαι καὶ λέγειν – τῆς τριβακῆς ἀσελγείας ἀνέδην πομπευέτω. πᾶσα δ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡ γυναικωνῖτις ἔστω Φιλαινὶς ἀνδρογύνους ἔρωτας ἀσχημονοῦσα. [28] il est question de cette Philoenis dans le xvie livre d’Athenée. c’etait une bas-bleu du temps actuel tribade insigne à qui l’on attribua (à tort, à ce qu’il parait) la composition de livres obscènes. –

Callicratidas rend justice à Charicles sur la façon dont il a defend la cause des femmes. si elles avaient le commandement des choses, elles le nommeraient preteur ou lui leveraient des statues d’airain – lui aussi il evo invoque l’amour ἱεροφάντα μυστηρίων Ἔρως, οὐ κακὸν νήπιον ὁποῖον ζωγράφων παίζουσι χεῖρες, ἀλλ᾽ ὃν ἡ πρωτοσπόρος ἐγέννησεν ἀρχὴ τέλειον εὐθὺ τεχθέντα· σὺ γὰρ ἐξ ἀφανοῦς καὶ κεχυμένης ἀμορφίας τὸ πᾶν ἐμόρφωσας [32] [in margin: idée cosmique de l’Amour-Eros hièrophante des mystères = (revelateur des secrets) –)

les noces ont été inventées comme moyen indispensable à la succession des races, mais seul l’amour mâle est le renfort (ἐπίταγμα [33]) d’un esprit philosophique. – au commencement les hommes se nourissaient de racines, se couvraient de peaux de bêtes, en progressant il tessèrent la laine, bâtirent des maisons, il en est de même de l’amour des males. – il se developpa avec l’intelligence. Si on le blame pourquoi ne point Homer Promethée d’avoir inventé les arts. [in margin: + ni le premier] Cesse donc Charicles d’insulter à notre pudeur avec des recits histoires de la vie/ [fol. 3v] debauchée des courtisanes. L’amour celeste n’a rien à demander avec ce petit enfant. Car cet autre amour père des temps antiques (ἕτερος δὲ Ἔρως Ὠγυγίων πατὴρ χρόνων [37]) honnete à voir et spectacle saint de partout inspire à l’esprit quelque chose de doux … [in margin: Ὠγυγίων χρόνων? pourquoi Ogygès dans le sens d’antique?]

il serait souhaitable selon le voeu d’Euripide que nous puissions, loin de toute communication avec les femmes, que aller acheter au temple pour de l’argent des enfans.

Mais la necessité nous y constraint. Mais qui peut sans degout convoiter preferer une femme le matin lorsqu’il considera les qui n’a d’autre soin que de travestir sa forme naturelle.

Si on quelqu’un les voyait le matin sortant du lit, il les trouverait plus laides que l’animal dont le nom prononcé le matin est un mauvais augure (les singes) [in margin: les singes, mauvais augure d’en parler le matin – pourquoi?] v. 39. tout ce § jusqu’a 43 est consacré aux artifices de la toilette des femmes – foule de servantes, aiguières d’argent, fioles comme dans les boutiques de pharmaciens, poudres dent dentifrices, peinture pour les sourcils, la plus grande partie de leur temps est occupée aux soins de la coiffure les unes se les teignent en blond par avec des drogues qui le font rougir, au soleil de midi à la manière de comme on en fait aux laines, se teignent en blond. quant à elles qui gardent leur couleur noire, elles y attachent toute la richesse de leurs maris ὅλην Ἀραβίαν σχεδὸν ἐκ τῶν τριχῶν ἀποπνέουσαι [40] – fers à friser. les cheveux sont amenés tout bas sur le front pour laisser un petit intervalle entre le front & les yeux tandisque le reste roule en anneaux sur les epaules – les chaussures leur serrent les pieds. καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἀνθοβαφῆ πέδιλα τῆς σαρκὸς ἐνδοτέρω τοὺς πόδας ἐπισφίγγοντα [41] – elles ont le corps couvert d’un tissue mince si bien tout ce qu’il y a de moins de facile à reconnaitre en elles c’est le visage, à l’exception toutefois des seins qui sont emprisonnés [in margin: corsets] χωρὶς τῶν ἀμόρφως προπεπτωκότων μαζῶν, οὓς ἀεὶ περιφέρουσιν δεσμώτας [41] – pendants d’oreilles en pierres de la mer Rouge du poids de plusieurs talents/

[fol. 4r: upper right ‘4.’]

autour de leurs bras des dragons d’or – autour de leur tete des couronnes etoilées de per gemmes des Indes – colliers – et l’or descend jusqu’aux talons etreignant tout ce que est nu autour des talons – fards sur le joues elles vont aux mystères διαφθορὰ ψυχῆς [42] [in margin: les mystères des femmes regardés comme corruptions de moeurs] – et quand elles reviennent pleines de toute sorte de nourriture elles font semblant de ne vouloir toucher à rien – etc. – toute cette peinture de la vie des femmes charmante.

Callicratidas lui oppose ensuite la vie d’un jeune homme qui sort le matin accompagné de ses precepteurs, le visage lavé d’eau claire etc. – qui ne deviendrait amoureux d’un tel jeune homme ideal de d’une amitié virile: voyez la fin du §46 – amour d’Oreste et de Pylade l’un pour l’autre – tous deux tuèrent Clytemnestre, les furies Pylade souffrant plus qu’Oreste quand les Furies le tourmentaient etc – il faut aimer les jeunes gens – exemple de Socrate – & il finit son discours par cette citation de Callimaque

Αἴθε γάρ, ὦ κούροισιν ἐπ᾽ ὄμματα λίχνα φέροντες,

Ἐρχίος ὡς ὑμῖν ὥρισε παιδοφιλεῖν,

ὧδε νέων ἐρόῳτε· πόλιν κ᾽ εὔανδρον ἔχοιτε. [49]

[in margin: Que’est-ce que c’etait qu’Erchios]

– ceux qui aiment les jeunes gens n’ont point la conscience troublée et arrivent ainsi à une bonne reputation. Si la foi a été servie par les fils des philosophes (τὸ πιστεύειν [49]) l’ether les recevra ceux qui auront etudié ces choses, & morts à une vie meilleure il auront l’immortalité recompense de leur vertu.

(le ton ampoulé de cette peroraison est evidemment intentionnel - & comique comme tout l’ouvrage du reste – il me semble que M. Boissonade (art. Lucien biogr. univers.) ne s’en est nullement douté) – Lycinos rend son jugement à savoir: que la pederastie est seule digne d’un philosophe – mais qu’il faut que chacun se marie pout avoir des enfans. – & il n’y a que les philosophes qui doivent aimer les garçons, car la vertu femme n’est susceptible que de bien peu de vertu.

Là dessus Chariclès fut très attristé, tandisque l’Athenien rayonnait comme/ [fol. 4v] s’il eut vaincu les Perses à Salamine. – Mais toi Theomneste si tu avais été juge qu’eusses-tu prononcé?

Theomneste pense que l’amour vient peu à peu par un contact de plus en plus rapproché. voir tout une admirable phrase de gradation §35 [actually, 53] où tout est decrit, ciselé – & il conclut pour la pederastie après avoir fair la peinture d’attouchemens amoureux avec des femmes. Voilà comme j’aime les enfans dit-il – Socrate pederastisait Alcibiade & Achille Patrocle §54 τούς γε μὴν ὀνομαζομένους παρ᾽ Ἕλλησιν κωμαστὰς οὐδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ δήλους ἐραστὰς νομίζω. [54] [in margin: qu’etaient-ce que les Comastes]

κωμαζω celebrer les fetes de Bacchus

κωμαστη prêtre de Bacchus

***

[fol. 1r]

Περὶ ὀρχήσεως

Lycinos essaie de convaincre Craton de l’excellence de l’orchestrique – la danse a son type dans les astres – ἡ γοῦν χορεία τῶν ἀστέρων καὶ ἡ πρὸς τοὺς ἀπλανεῖς τῶν πλανήτων συμπλοκὴ καὶ εὔρυθμος αὐτῶν κοινωνία καὶ εὔτακτος ἁρμονία τῆς πρωτογόνου ὀρχήσεως δείγματά ἐστιν. (7)

– danse des Corybantes des Phrygiens, des Curètes, en Crète. Homère voulant appeler Merion d’un titre d’honneur l’appela danseur. beaucoup d’heros ont excellé en cet art. Il suffit de nommer Neoptolème fils d’Achille, qui inventa une danse tirée de son nom (Pyrrhus) le Pyrrhique.

les Lacedemoniens apprirent de Pollux et Castor la Caryatique sorte de danse que l’on enseigna à Carys ville bourg de Laconie. est de même genre que:

l’hormos (= le collier) [12] est une danse de jeunes garçons et des jeune filles, à choeurs alternes par groups successifs en forme de formant de leur ensemble un collier. Un jeune homme preside à la danse guerrière de ses compagnons, tandis qu’une jeune fille enseigne à ces compagnes à danser avec grace, de façon à ce que le tout forme comme un collier composé de valeur et de modestie.

danseurs sur le bouclier d’Achille

la danse fut tellement en honneur en Thessalie qu’ils appelaient leurs chefs et commandants προορχηστῆρας [14] = maitres d’orchestre. comme en font foi plusieurs inscriptions; sur l’une d’elles on lit ceci: Εἰλατίωνι τὰν εἰκόνα ὁ δᾶμος εὖ ὀρχησαμένῳ τὰν μάχαν [14]

aucune initiation antique des mystères ne peut se faire sans danses. ils ont été institués par Orphée & Musée qui etaient de grands danseurs dans leur temps./ [fol. 1v] à Delos aucun sacrifice ne se faisait qu’il ne fut mêlé de danse et de musique.

les Indiens, dès qu’ils sont eveillés adorent le soleil, non comme nous, qui dès que nous avons baisé notre main, pensons avoir accompli une adoration parfait, mais s οὐχ ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς τὴν χεῖρα κύσαντες ἡγούμεθα ἐντελῆ ἡμῶν εἶναι, τὴν εὐχήν [17], [in margin: se baiser la main, geste d’adoration religieux chez les Grecs. – rapprochez cela du salut oriental.] mais tournés du coté de l’Orient, ils saluent le soleil par une danse, imitant se conformant par imitation au silence & au mouvement de l’astre – (17.)

les Ethiopiens dansent à la guerre. – un ethiopien ne lancerait un fleche de son crane (ils se servent ainsi de tetes cranes en guise de carquois, et les flèches y sont rangés dedans en façon de rayons soleil) avant d’avoir dansé, et effrayé l’ennemi par la mime & la danse.

Protée n’etait qu’un danseur, qui imitait tout ce qu’il voulait. [in margin: explication du mythe de Protée au temps de Lucien] il est permis de croire que l’Empuse qui se changeait en de cent formes differentes etait quelque femme de même genre sur quoi l’on aura bati cette fable.

danse des Saliens – des Dactyles – des fetes de Bacchus.

Socrate, recommandait la danse.

l’emmeleia danse grave tragique

cordax danse bouffonne & indecent

Sicinnis danse bouffonne & satyrique (de σικιννος nom de son inventeur (dictionn.))

§27. Tableau critique de la mine de l’acteur tragique, avec sa taille demesurée, son masque, la bouche ouverte du masque qui a l’air de vouloir devorer les spectateurs – ou se mettant aussi des sortes de plastrons per la poitrine & des faux ventres/ [fol. 2r] ἐῶ λέγειν προστερνίδια καὶ προγαστρίδια [27], afin que la grosseur du corps fut en rapport avec la longueur.

la danse Phrygienne etait une sorte de danse pratiquée par les ivrognes. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο τὸ Φρύγιον τῆς ὀρχήσεως εἶδος, τὸ παροίκιον παροίνιον καὶ συμποτικόν, μετὰ μέθης γιγνόμενον [34] (μέθη ivrognerie).

il ne veut point du reste montrer les origines de la danse ni exposer faire l’exposition de cet art. le but de son discours est bien plutot d’en montrer l’excellence. cet art est le complement de toute doctrine πάσης παιδεύσεως ἐς τὸ ἀκρότατον ἀφικνουμένην, οὐ μουσικῆς μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ῥυθμικῆς καὶ μετρικῆς, καὶ τῆς σῆς φιλοσοφίας μάλιστα, τῆς τε φυσικῆς καὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς [35] – il faut encore que le danseur sache la peinture & la plastique, pourqu’il puisse faire des reproductions aussi bien que Phidias & qu’Apelles.

il faut qu’il sache les origines du monde l’histoire du et le chaos, jusqu’a l’histoire de Cleopatre l’Egyptienne & tout ce qui s’est passé outre, tels que etc. suit vingt paragraphes d’enumeration de mythes de l’antiquité, rangés par geographiquement.

pour Corinthe Athènes,

Cerès, Proserpine, Triptolomème, culture de la vigne par Icare, les malheurs d’Erigone, tout ce qu’on racconte de Borée, d’Orithyie, de Thesée et d’Aegée – la reception de Medée, sa fuite che les Perses, les filles d’Erecthée et de Pandion. – Acamas & Phyllis – rapt d’Helène – Hippolyte, retour des Heraclides etc.

pour Corinthe

Glaucé, Creon, combats de Bellerophon & de Stenobèe, de Neptune & du Soleil, fureur d’Athamas, et la fuite à travers les airs des enfants de Nephele su une toison de brébis.

à Mycènes.

histoire des Pelopides – Inachus, Io, Argus, Atrée & Thyeste, Aerope, noces de Pelops, meutre d’Agamemnon, chatiment de Clytemnestre/ [fol. 2v]

les sept chefs devant Thèbes -Adraste.

à Nemée

Hypsipyle & Archemorus – Danaë, Persée – la Gorgone (histoire populaire en Ethiopie) Cassiopea et Andromeda, et Cephee

les fables de Lacedemone sont nombreuses

Hyacinthe, Zephyr, Tyndare rappelé des enfers

Paris – rapt d’Helène. l’histoire d’Ilion est liée à celle de Sparte. Enée, didon, Ulysses etc.

Elis:

Œnomaus, Myrtile, Saturnus, Jupiter, premiers combattans des jeux olympiens

Arcadie:

fuite de Daphne, Calliste change en bete feroce, fureurs des Centaures, naissance de Paris, amour de l’Alphée & sa route souterraine

en Crète: Europe, Pasiphaé, les deux Taureaux, τοὺς ταύρους ἀμφοτέρους [49] – Ariane, Phedre, Androgée, Daedalus, Icare, Glaucus, le talent divinatoire de Poly Polyiy Polyide τὸν Τάλω, τὸν χαλκοῦν τῆς Κρήτης περίπολον [49–50]

en Aetolie

Althaeé, Meleagre, Atalante – lutte d’Hercule & du fleuve, naissance des Syrènes, les Echinades – fureur d’Alcmaeon, – Nessus & Dejanire. – bucher d’Hercule sur le mont Œta.

Thrace.

Orphée. – Haemus – Rhodope. – supplice de Lycurge

Thessalie.

Pelia, Jason, Alceste, expedition des cinquante jeunes gens, Argo et sa carène bavarde τὴν λάλον αὐτῆς τρόπιν [53]

Lemnos

Aete, songe de Medée, Absyrte dechiré, et ce qu’il fit dans sa navigation – Protesilaos et Laodamie.

en Asie,

Samos & les malheurs de Polycrate, et la course de sa fille jusque chez les Perses – Tantale – son repas les dieux mangeant chez lui – Pelops, epaule d’ivoire

en italie.

l’Eridan, Phaeton -/

[fol. 3r]

il devra connaitre aussi ce que l’on dit des Hesperides, le dragon gardien de l’automne d’or τὸν φρουρὸν τῆς χρυσῆς ὀπώρας δράκοντα [56] (ὀπώρη automne, saison des fruits & des chaleurs) – Atlas – Geryon boeufs d’Erythée.

Le danseur devra connaitre aussi les metamorphoses humaines, ceux qui ont été changes, en bete, en arbres en oiseaux, ou qui sont devenus hommes de femmes qu’ils etaient come Caenée et Tiresias.

En Phenicie: Myrrha et le deuil Assyrien alterne καὶ τὸ Ἀσσύριον ἐκεῖνο πένθος μεριζόμενον [58] (μεριζω partager) – etc

mot d’un roi barbare demandant à Neron qu’il lui fit present d’un pantomime pour pouvoir lui server d’interprete en communiquant aux nations de langue differentes qu’il avait sous sa dependence. [64]

un barbare voyant cinque masques preparés pour un danseur dit, je ne savais pas que tu eusses cinq ames dans un même corps

Λεσβῶναξ γοῦν ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ἀνὴρ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός, χειρισόφους τοὺς ὀρχηστὰς ἀπεκάλει [69]

effet moralisant du theatre par la contemplation de ses propres passions v. fin de 72 et 79 – qualités physiques du danseur, que ce soit surtout un homme bien proportionné. 75.

83. anecdote comique d’un danseur qui jouant le role d’Ajax entra dans un fureur veritable, dechira le vêtement d’un des marqueurs de mesure ἑνὸς γὰρ τῶν τῷ σιδηρῷ ὑποδήματι κτυπούντων τὴν ἐσθῆτα κατέρρηξεν [83], manqua de tuer Ulysses etc, si bien que tous les acteurs etaient dans une demence furieuse. on le laissait faire croyant que c’etait la perfection de son jeu qui allait jusqu’à l’illusion. toute cette narration est un petit chef d’oeuvre v 83.-84.

Lycinos finit par inviter Cratinus/ [fol. 3v] à venir au theatre qui y consent.

***

[fol. 1r: upper right ‘1.’]

Ονειρος Aλεκτρυων

le songe ou le coq

My Micyllus injurie un coq qui vient de le reveiller d’un fort beau rêve où il se voyait riche, et lui promet de lui casser repandre la cervelle à coups de baton.

le coq repond pour son excuse qu’il pensait etre agreable à son maître, en l’eveillant de bonne heure a fin qu’il put se mettre à sa besogne. Mais si tu aimes mieux dormer je me tairai & deviendrai plus muet que les poissons.

ὦ Ζεῦ τεράστιε καὶ Ἡράκλεις ἀλεξίκακε [2] o Jupiter père des prodiges et Hercule chasseur de maux, comment un coq parle. [in margin: Ζευς τεραστιος l’idée de τερας contraste avec celle de Jupiter. rechercher un Ζευς τεραστιος]

le coq lui rappelle que pour un homme lettré il n’a guère de memoires. est-ce que Xanthos le cheval d’Achille ne parlait pas & ne predisait pas l’avenir. le navire la carène du navire Argo parlait, le bois de Dodon prophétisait, sans compter les boeufs dos des boeufs (du soleil) dechirés et demi cuites sur leurs baguetes. Moi donc, compagnon assidu de Mercure le plus loquace et eloquent de tous les dieux, il ne me faut pas grand mal pour parler d’une voix humaine. Si tu me promets le silence je te dirai la vraie cause de ma communion avec vous autres.

lorsque Mars allait, à l’insu de Vulcain visiter Venus il emmenait avec lui un certain Coq qui devait l’avertir de l’arrivée du soleil. mais Coq sy un matin s’etant endormi le soleil surprit les amants et Vulcain les surprit. depuis lors Mars changea Coq en oiseau et le mit sur son casque. depuis lors lorsqu’on entend le coq chanter c’est signe que le soleil se lève

le coq a été depuis Pythagore. γόητά φασι καὶ τερατουργὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὦ ἀλεκτρυών [4; in margin: ceci est sans doute l’opinion de Lucien sur Pythagore] dit Mycillus et il lui demande comment il se fait qu’etant un animal si bavard il a prescrit à ses disciples un silence de cinq années./ [fol. 1v] et comment il se fait qu’il a proscrit les fèves, lui qui hier encore en a devoré

le coq repond ἐγὼ δὲ τότε μὲν οὐκ ἤσθιον τῶν κυάμων, ἐφιλοσόφουν γάρ: νῦν δὲ φάγοιμ᾽ ἄν, ὀρνιθικὴ γὰρ καὶ οὐκ ἀπόρρητος ἡμῖν ἡ τροφή. [5] – le coq prie Micyllus de lui raconteur son songe.

πολύ, ὦ Πυθαγόρα, χρυσίον εἶδον, πολύ, πῶς οἴει καλὸν ἢ οἵαν τὴν αὐγὴν ἀπαστράπτον [7]

Mycillus a rencontré le riche eucrate qui l’a invité à diner pour celebrer l’anniversaire de la naissance de son fils. tu vien. J’ai convié plusieurs amis, mais l’un d’eux comme plusieurs sont est malade, tu viendras à sa place au sortir du bain, à moins que celui-ci ne se presente lui même, c’est incertain. §9 à ces mots je m’en allai faisant des voeux à tous les dieux pour que ce malade s’aggravat et je m’en allai aux bains et jusqu’à l’heure du bain regardant combien il restait d’heures encore au cadran solaire – lorsqu’il fut temps je me depêchai de me decrasser et afin d’avoir meilleur mine je retournai mon habit. ἀναστρέψας τὸ τριβώνιον ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ καθαρωτέρου γένοιτο ἡ ἀναβολή [9–10]

à la porte d’eucrate il voit plusieurs hommes et parmi eux en litière, celui qu’il devait remplacer à diner et qui evidemment etait malade. ὑπέστενε γοῦν καὶ ὑπέβηττε καὶ ἐχρέμπτετο μύχιόν τι καὶ δυσπρόσοδον, ὠχρὸς ὅλος ὢν καὶ διῳδηκώς, ἀμφὶ τὰ ἑξήκοντα ἔτη σχεδὸν ἐλέγετο δὲ φιλόσοφός τις εἶναι τῶν πρὸς τὰ μειράκια φλυαρούντων. [10] – comme Archibius medecin le blamait d’etre venue en pareil etat il dit qu’il convient aux philosophes de ne jamais abandonner leur profession, fut-il accablés de cent maladies, & Eucrate penserait que je le meprise.

[in margin: φλυαρεω dire des niaiseries

μυχιον profond

χρέμπτομαι cracher avec difficulté

μυχιος profound.]

– il aimerait mieux lui repondis je que tu/

[fol. 2r; upper right ‘αλεκτρυων//2.’]

rendesses l’ame chez toi, que de lui venir au milieu du festin la cracher avec ta pituite. Par grandeur d’ame il faisait semblant de ne rien entendre de tout cela quand Eucrate arriva et le fit entrer. – il retient Mycillus qui se disposait à s’en aller, car il a fait monter au gynecée son fils pour diner avec la mère. – on asseoit Thesmopolis, c’est le philosophe, en le bourrant de coussins pour qu’il puissent se tenir – et comme on il n’avait personne pour le soutenir, on force Mycillus à se mettre à la même table. εἶτα μηδενὸς ἀνεχομένου πλησίον κατακεῖσθαι αὐτοῦ ἐμὲ ὑποκατακλίνουσι φέροντες, ὡς ὁμοτράπεζοι εἴημεν. [11]

[in margin: cette phrase peut rendre compte de la manière dont on était assis à table]

- nous soupions donc, il avait des coupes d’or et des esclaves beaux, et des musiciens, et des bouffons au milieu. καὶ ἐκπώματα ἦν χρυσᾶ καὶ διάκονοι ὡραῖοι καὶ μουσουργοὶ καὶ γελωτοποιοὶ μεταξύ [11] et je me serais bien amuse si Thesmopolis ne m’eut ennuyé avec sa philosophie m’affirmant que deux negatives effectuent une affirmation, que s’il fait nuit il ne fait pas jour. ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ κέρατα ἔφασκεν εἶναί μοι [11] – y a-t-il là dessus quelque malice ou allusion ou bien le sens est-il me disant des badineries comme: lorsqu’il fait nuit il ne fait pas jour et que même j’avais des cornes. v. §11. et il m’empechait continue Mycillus d’entendre les chanteuses & les cythares.

la nuit il a donc revé qu’Eucrate l’intitulait son legataire, qu’il avait ses vases, ses esclaves sa maison

εἶτα ἐξήλαυνον ἐπὶ λευκοῦ ζεύγους, ἐξυπτιάζων, περίβλεπτος ἅπασι τοῖς ὁρῶσι καὶ ἐπίφθονος. καὶ προέθεον πολλοὶ καὶ παρίππευον καὶ εἵποντο πλείους. [12]/ [fol. 2v] ἐγὼ δὲ τὴν ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἐκείνου ἔχων καὶ δακτυλίους βαρεῖς ὅσον ἑκκαίδεκα ἐξημμένος τῶν δακτύλων ἐκέλευον ἑστίασίν τινα λαμπρὰν εὐτρεπισθῆναι ἐς ὑποδοχὴν τῶν φίλων [12] – et il etait à boire à ce festin quand le chant du coq l’a reveille.

l’excellence de l’or est une si bonne chose que Mycillus rapporte au coq l’exemple d’un de ses viosins nommé Simon gredin indigne, qui autrefois lechait les plats et qui maintenant sort vêtu de pourpre & se fait appeler Simonides – il a des tables à pieds d’ivoire, est adoré de tout le monde et ne regarde plus personne, il est aimé des femmes. ὁ δὲ θρύπτεται πρὸς αὐτὰς καὶ ὑπερορᾷ καὶ τὰς μὲν προσίεται καὶ ἵλεώς ἐστιν, αἱ δὲ ἀπειλοῦσιν ἀναρτήσειν αὑτὰς ἀμελούμεναι. ὁρᾷς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ὁ χρυσὸς αἴτιος, εἴ γε καὶ μεταποιεῖ τοὺς ἀμορφοτέρους καὶ ἐρασμίους ἀπεργάζεται ὥσπερ ὁ ποιητικὸς ἐκεῖνος κεστός. [14]

Micyllus prie le coq de lui raconter toutes ses existences anterieures – le coq dit

Ως μὲν ἐξ Ἀπόλλωνος τὸ πρῶτον ἡ ψυχή μοι καταπταμένη ἐς τὴν γῆν ἐνέδυ ἐς ἀνθρώπου σῶμα [16] [in margin: l’ame emanation d’Apollon] il a été Euphorbe et il a combattu à ilion. Mycillus lui demande si tout s’y est passé comme Homère le rapporte. Comment pouvait-il le savoir, repond le coq, puisque à cette epoque il etait chameau dans la Bactriane. Ajax n’etait pas si grand, ni Helène si belle que l’on dit.

parle moi de ta vie etant Pythagore, lui demande Micyllus.

– en tout je fus un sophiste. Mais à dire la verité qui ne manquait point de lettres et exercé aux meilleurs disciplines. Je voyageais en Egypte a fin de conferer de la sagesse/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘αλεκτρυων 3.’]

avec les prophètes, j’entrai dans les temples et j’etudiai les livres d’Horus et d’Isis, ἐξέμαθον τὰς βίβλους τὰς Ὥρου καὶ Ἴσιδος [18], ensuite j’arrivai en italie – Mycillus lui demande s’il est vrai qu’il ait pensé ressusciter, s’il a montré sa cuisse d’or, pourquoi il defendait la viande & les fèves. le coq hesite d’abord & lui repond à la fin que tout cela n’avait du d’autre but que de frapper les esprits, en entourant des preceptes de mystères il les rendait plus respectables.

ensuite le coq a été Aspasie courtisane de Milet la maitresse de Periclès. – Tiresias et Caeneus ont aussi été des femmes. Micyllus req demande quand est-ce que la vie lui semblait meilleure, femme ou homme. le coq se fache un peu et lui repond que bientot aussi lui il sera lui aussi, femme (§19). tu prends donc tout le monde pour des Milesiens ou des Samiens, repond Micyllus. il y a là dedans quelq’immonde plaisanterie.

le coq a été ensuite Crates philosophe cynique, puis il subi les fortunes diverses il a été cheval, grenouille, geai, enfin coq. il s’est trouvé chez des pauvres & des riches et si Mycillus connaissait la vraie condition de ces derniers il ne les envierait pas. – avantages de la mediocrité §23 §21–23 comparaison d’Icare, tandisque Dedale se tenant dans des regions moyennes continue sa course –

le coq a été autrefois dans une belle position. il commandait à un grand royaume. Il avait de l’argent des esclaves etc. on l’adorait. on se poussait pour le venir voir mais lui seul savait tous les soucis qui le torturaient interieurement pareil à un de ces Colosses/[fol. 3v] de Phidias ou de Praxitèle, tout en or et en ivoire travaillé tenant un trident ou la foudre à la main, mais qui sont remplis à l’intérieur de clous, de contreforts, de colle, et de quantité de rats.

autre comparaison des acteurs tragiques dont les beaux habits sont doubles de mechants haillons

le coq (comme Asmodée) propose à Micyllus de le mener voir l’interieur des riches pour qu’il juge lui-même de la tristesse de leur condition. – il suffit pour penetrer partout d’arracher à la queue du coq la plume la plus longue, qui à cause de sa mollesse est courbée. Micyllus se propose de voler tout ce qu’il trouvera à sa convenance chez Simon. mais cela est impossible. Mercure lui a ordonné de chanter si celui qui se sert d’un pareil talisman en mesuse.

ἀπότιλον, ὦ Μίκυλλε, πρότερον τὸ πτίλον (superscript: plume) … τί τοῦτο; ἄμφω ἀπέτιλας. [28] cela est plus sur, repond Mycillus, tu seras moins laid, et ne boiteras plus de l’autre partie de la queue.

il vont chez Simon, la porte s’ouvre d’elle même. monologue de Simon: perplexités d’un avare. – puis chez Gniphon usurier. ils le voient compter sur ses doigts. – puis chez Eucrate. ils le voient qui se fait enculer par un esclave.

ὁρᾷς δ᾽ οὖν τὸν Εὐκράτην αὐτὸν μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκέτου πρεσβύτην ἄνθρωπον

Μ. ὁρῶ νὴ Δία καταπυγοσυνην καταπυγοσύνην καὶ πασχητιασμόν τινα καὶ ἀσέλγειαν οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνην τὴν γυναῖκα δὲ ἑτέρωθι ὑπὸ τοῦ μαγείρου καὶ αὐτήν. [32] [in margin: πασχητιάω avoir les desirs impurs] le coq demande à M. s’il voulait etre l’heritier d’Eucrate καὶ πάντα ἔχειν τὰ Εὐκράτους. [33] plutot crever de faim repond Micyllus. δύο ὀβολοὶ ἐμοί γε πλοῦτός ἐστι μᾶλλον ἢ τοιχωρυχεῖσθαι πρὸς τῶν οἰκετῶν. [33] le jour parait ils retournent chez eux.

[in margin: τοιχωρυχέω. percer les murs pour voler. il ya a ici allusion aux avares decrits plus haut, et à la passivité d’Eucrate que son esclave traite comme un mur.]

***

[fol. 1r]

ΜΕΝΙΠΠΟΣ Η ΝΕΚΡΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ

Menippe revient des enfers et salue sa maison. Philonides lui demande d’où il venait avec son bonnet de feutre (πῖλος) [1], sa lyre et une peau de lion. celui-ci demande des nouvelles de la terre. on y exerce toujours rapine parjure usure etc repond Philonide, et il le prie de lui dire qui l’a engagé à y faire ce voyage et ce qu’il a vu.

Quand j’etais enfant repond se met à dire Menippe, je voyais dans Homère et Hesiode qu les dieux et des demi dieux se liv adultères, batalliants, chassant leurs parents se mariant du frère à la soeur. et j’estimai toutes ces choses fort belles et je m’en delectais. – ayant atteint age d’homme je vis que les lois combattaient les poetes et qu’il ne fallait ni se livrer à la debauche ni exciter des seditions ni voler. et julan j’etais donc dans un grande incertitude car je ne pouvais croire que le dieux se fussent chargés de tous ces crimes s’ils les avaient jugés mauvais et que les legislateurs ne les eussent defensus, s’ils ne l’avaient jugé utile. alors j’allai trouver les philosophes. ce fut apporter du bois au feu. je n’y rencontrai qu’indecision & raisons de doute plus encore. – leurs morales contraires – et subtilités dialectiques. Et il observait que leur conduit etait contradictoire avec leurs paroles. [in margin: ignorance des simples partagée avec les sages] σφαλεὶς οὖν καὶ τῆσδε τῆς ἐλπίδος ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐδυσχέραινον, ἠρέμα παραμυθούμενος ἐμαυτὸν ὅτι μετὰ πολλῶν καὶ σοφῶν καὶ σφόδρα ἐπὶ συνέσει διαβεβοημένων ἀνόητὸς τέ εἰμι καὶ τἀληθὲς ἔτι ἀγνοῶν περιέρχομαι. [6] alors lui vient l’idée d’aller à Babylon consulter les mages disciples et successeurs de Zoroastre. j’avais entendu dire qu’ils pouvaient par des incantations m’ouvrir les portes de l’enfer et m’en faire revenir. il voulait y voir Tiresias pour apprendre de lui quelle est la meilleure vie. [note at bottom: x συνέσις mot à mot junction]/ [fol. 1v] Menippe s’en fut donc en toute hate à Babylone. il y trouva un Chaldeen, nomme de barbe et chevelure blanche & d’aspect venerable nommé Mithrobarzane. et lui il le supplia de vouloir bien à n’importe quel prix lui ouvrir cette route.

[in margin: ceremonies preparatoires pour une descente aux enfers – regime etc.]

pendant vingt neuf jours à commencer du première de la lune lem le mage le me lavait dès la pointe du jour dans l’euphrate, en chantant au soleil levant une longue chanson que je ne comprendais pas après n’entendais pas tout à fait et qui ressemblait à un des heraults dans les jeux publics. c’etait pour invoquer les genies. après l’incantation il me et crachait trois fois à la figure et je m’en retournais les yeux baissés sans regarder personne tout le long de la route. pour nourriture je mangeais des noix, je buvais du lait et de l’hydromel et de l’eau du Choaspes et je couchais sur l’herbe à la belle etoile. εὐνὴ δὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐπὶ τῆς πόας [7] enfin quand il eut jugé ces preparations necessaires, il me mena au milieu de la nuit sur les bords du Tigre – me lava, m’essuya et tout en murmurant une incantation me mit à la main un petit flambeau et un oignon marin (σκίλλη). enfin lorsqu’il m’eut emgai emmagiqué καταμαγεύσας [7] il pour que le je ne fusse pas blessé par des spectres il me reconduit à la maison moi marchant à reculons. nous etions pret<s> alors à la navigation enfin au voyage.

Alors il revêtit une stole magique (στολη vetement trainant, veut dire aussi expedition, depart (στελλω); il y a ici une pointe) à la mode façon medique [in margin: costume pour ce voyage] et il m’affubla d’un pileus, d’une peau de lion et d’une lyre me recommandant que si quelqu’un me demandait mon nom je ne diresse point Menippe mais Hercule, Ulysse ou Orphée. il pensait que ressemblant à ces gens qui, avant nous, etant descendus vivants aux enfers si je leur ressemblais je pourrais ainsi tromper la surveillance d’Aeaque.

le jour luisait deja quand des nous descendîmes vers les fleuves et commençames notre expedition tout etait pret pour l’accomplissment de notre dessein, chaloupe victime mulsum (=μελίκρατον hydromel) etant n’etant donc embarqués avec toutes nos affaires nous partimes entrames dans la barque versant de tristes & larges larmes/

[fol. 2r: upper right ‘2.’]

βαίνομεν ἀχνύμενοι, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες [9]

nous allames quelque temps sur le fleuve. puis nous fumes portés dans un marais et un lac dans lequel l’Euphrate se jette. l’ayant passé nous nous trouv mimes dans un lieu desert, boisé, et manquant de soleil. – nous nous y arretames. Mithrobarzanes marchait en avant. nous creusames une fosse, immolames des brebis et l’aspergames de sang tout autour. le mage tenant à la main un flambeau brulant et parlant toujours non seulement n’arrêtant pas de parler, mais avec de grands cris exclamant le plus qu’il pouvait invoquait tous les demons à la fois, les Peines, les Furies, la nocturne Hecate, Prosperine, si celebrés si celebrés comme qui fait trembler parents, le tout mêlé de noms barbares et inconnus et à syllabes nombreuses.

Aussitot tout trembla, et à ce chant le soleil s’entr’ouvrit καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπῳδῆς τοὔδαφος ἀνερρήγνυτο [10] et l’on entendit les aboiements de Cerbère, et apparurent successivement le lac de Pyriphlegeton, les royaumes de Pluton. quand nous fumes descendus dans l’abime nous trouvames Rhadamanthe presque mort de peur. Cerbère aboya mais au son de ma lyre il s’endormit aussitot. la barque du passage etait chargée et pleine de plainte. tous ceux qui y etaient, etaient blesses les uns à la jambe les autres à la tête, comme après une bataille. Mais dès que Charon vit ma peau de lion, me prenant pour Hercule il me reçut volontiers à son bord et en etant sortis nous montra le chemin.

Mithrobarzanes marchait devant moi dans les tenèbres [in margin: ceci rappelle Virgile et Dante] je le suivais par derrière tout contre lui, jusqu’à ce que nous arrivames à une grande prairie d’asphodèle. là les ombres criantes des morts voltigeaient autour de nous. – nous arrivames au tribunal de Minos – les Peines – les Furies – foule des mechants les usuriers et le riches jaunes le ventre gonfle: et gouteux etaient enchainés à un carcan du poids de deux talents. – et chacun s’accusait, c’est à dire son ombre. – notre ombre temoin de toutes nos actions pendant notre vie, nous accuse après notre mort.

Minos surtout gourmandait les fiers, ceux auxquels le sort avant donné des biens mortels.– et eux depouillés de toutes leurs belles choses avaient le visage penché vers terre [in the margin: x το εδαφος] come des gens qui tâchent à se rappeler un rêve. – quand j’en reconnaissais quelqu’un je m’approchais/ [fol. 2v] de lui et je lui rappelais le temps, il … où sortant couvert de pourpre il pensait lever en donnant une poignée de main faire un grand bonheur à quelqu’un. – et à ce souvenir ils pleuraient.

Nous parvinmes au lit du supplice. et là il y avait bien des choses tristes à voir et à entendre. c’etait à la fois le son des fouets les pleurs de ceux qui brulaient dans le feu et les carcans les Cabestans les roues la chimère les dechirait, Cerbère les devorait quelques-uns par pudeur se cachaient leur visage. τοῖς μέντοι πένησιν ἡμιτέλεια τῶν κακῶν ἐδίδοτο, καὶ διαναπαυόμενοι πάλιν ἐκολάζοντο. [14] [in margin: les pauvres souffrant moins en enfer que les riches] – il voit Sisyphe Tantale Tityos fils de la terre.

nous fumes ensuite dans le fleuve de Acheron, où nous trouvames les demi dieux et les <déesses> et toute la foule des morts classes en peuples & tribus, les anciens etaient moisis et sans forme tandis que le nouveaux se tenaient plus fermes particulièrement les Egyptiens à cause de leur embaumement. – il n’etait point facile d’en reconnaitre aucun car tous se ressemblaient avec leurs os nus (v. p. 15) et il fallait nous restames à les regarder longtemps pour les distinguer ils etaient autour ἅπαντες γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ἀλλήλοις γίγνονται ὅμοιοι τῶν ὀστῶν γεγυμνωμένων. [15] ils gisaient autour pêle mêle obscurs, inconnus, et rien de ce qui est beau parmis nous ne leur servant.

[in margin: peinture hideuse et technique de la mort. – rare dans l’antiquité – effet à la Shakespeare –] et tous ces squelettes tant gisants, regardant pr d’une façon terrible par les trous vides de leurs yeux et montrant leurs dents nus, j’hesitai comment pr reconnaitre Thersite du beau Nirée, Irus du roi des Pheaciens, et Py le cuis Agamemnon du cuisinier Pyrrhia. Car aucune de leurs anciennes particularités ne leur restait. mais tous le os etaient pareils de sorte que personne ne pouvait les reconnaitre.

v. p. 16 comparaison des hommes à des acteurs tragiques qui n’ont que pour un moment leur costume de theatre qui le deposent après la pièce et se trouvent nus.

Philonides demande à Menippe si ceux qui ont eu de grandes mo sepultures et inscriptions sont differents de la foule du peuple des morts. [in margin: vanité des tombeaux]/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘3.’]

Pas du tout repond Menippe. J’ai vu Mausole, à l’ecart, et par dans un coin. tout le monde est egal la bas car Aeaque n’en donne pas plus à l’un qu’à l’autre – δίδωσι δὲ τὸ μέγιστον οὐ πλέον ποδὸς – ἀνάγκη ἀγαπῶντα κατακεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸ μέτρον συνεσταλμένον [17] [in the margin: nul n’a plus de six pieds dans la tombe] tu rirais si tu voyais ceux qui ont été satrapes et rois etre mendicants là bas et recevoir de calottes de tout le monde. – il a vu Philippe de Macedoine resavatant des souliers dans un coin.

les ombres bavardes de Palamedes, Ulysses, Nestor se promenaient les jambes enflées. [in the margin: le péches plus malheueux. Haine/ les péches des usuriers] Diogenes est à coté de Sardanapale et de Midas, et quand il les entend deplorer leur ancienne fortune il rit et se dde delecte – couché sur le dos, il chante couvrant leur gemissements de sa voix apre et dure si bien qu’ils le souffrent difficilement.

les morts ont porté le plebiscite suivant: à savoir: que les riches a la devenus morts seraient changes en ane et retourneraient sur la terre pour y etre molestés par les pauvres gens.

il aborde Tiresias qui lui dit que la qu’il connait la cause de ses incertitudes venue des fluctuations des philosophes, il l’entraine a l’écart et lui dit à l’oreille ὁ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν αριστος ἄριστος βίος καὶ σωφρονέστερος. [21] [in margin: la conclusion de tout est qu’il y rien de serieux] et qu’il faut quitter là tous les syllogismes et bagatelles serieux profiter de ce qui se trouve et ne rien prendre au serieux. après quoi il se recoucha sur la prairie d’asphodele. il voulut alor alors s’en retourner et Mithrobarzanes le conduisit dans un autre lieu tenebreux et lui montrant de la main au fond une petite lumière pareille à celle qui passe par le pertuis de la serrure. voici dit le temple de Trophonius où descendent les Beotiens. essaie et tu seras aussitot en Grèce. [in margin: antre de Trophonius. – Livadie] je saluai le mage et et après avoir entré dans le gouffre à embouchure etroite, j’en je me trouvai je ne sais comment à Livadie. καὶ τὸν μάγον ἀσπασάμενος χαλεπῶς μάλα διὰ τοῦ στομίου ἀνερπύσας οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως ἐν Λεβαδείᾳ γίγνομαι. [22] [in margin: l’ouverture y est en effet fort etroite & à ras de terre. mais ἀνερπυω veut pourtant dire monter, grimper ※ {.x.} des gl]

***

[fol. 1r: upper right ‘1.’]

Du Deuil. περὶ πένθους

il convient d’examiner tout ce que l’on fait à propos de la mort des gens, ce que l’on pense et le sottises que l’on pratique.

le vulgaire pense qu’il y a sous terre un lieu profound spacieux et tenebreux καὶ ἀνήλιον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως αὐτοῖς φωτίζεσθαι δοκοῦντα πρὸς τὸ καὶ καθορᾶν τῶν ἐνόντων ἕκαστον [2] Pluton y commande ainsi appelé διὰ τὸ πλουτεῖν τοῖς νεκροῖς [2] une fois qu’on est là on n’en peut plus sortir que pour des causes particulières effectivement rares. – les fleuves, le Cocytus le Pyriphlegeton et autres de noms effrayants l’entourent – Cerbère, Lethé, Minos & Rhadamanthe etc.

nous nourissons les ombres avec les libations que nous repandons sur leurs tombeaux ὡς εἴ τῳ μὴ εἴη καταλελειμμένος ὑπέρ γῆς φίλος ἢ συγγενής, ἄσιτος οὗτος νεκρὸς καὶ λιμώττων ἐν αὐτοῖς πολιτεύεται [9] [in margin: libations]

Dès qu’un homme est mort on lui met une obole dans la bouche sans savoir quelle espèce de monnaie a cours là bas. et sans songer qu’il vaudrait bien pour lui qu’il ne puisse payer son passage, car le batelier alors le rejetterait dans la vie. [in margin: l’obole sur la langue des morts]

[in margin: bain funèbre] ensuite on les lave, comme s’il n’y avait pas pour les baigner de lac aux enfers, ensuite on les graisse d’onguent ce corps fetide, on couronne leur tempes de fleurs, et on les habille dans beaux habits sans doute de peur qu’ils n’aient froid en route, ou qu’ils ne paraissent pas nus devant Cerbère.

on pleure ou se dechire les joues, on se soule dans la cendre ζῶντες οἰκτρότεροι τοῦ νεκροῦ [12] tandis que le mort beau & couronné est porté vip ὑψηλὸς πρόκειται καὶ μετέωρος ὥσπερ εἰς πομπὴν κεκοσμημένος [12] [in margin: contraste du cadavre & des assistants]

alors la mère ou le père lui même, s’avançant de la foule des parents, l’embrasse (nous supposons que le mort est un beau jeune homme afin que l’affaire soit plus complete)/ [fol. 1v] et dit un tas de choses niaises et insensées aux quelles le mort repondrait s’il pouvait parler, le pére dit d’une voix lugubre ‘tu t’es en allé, tu es mort avant l’age’ [in margin: raillerie de la douleur paternelle] οὐ γαμήσας, οὐ παιδοποιησάμενος, οὐ στρατευσάμενος, οὐ γεωργήσας, οὐκ εἰς γῆρας ἐλθών οὐ κωμάσῃ πάλιν οὐδὲ ἐρασθήσῃ, τέκνον, οὐδὲ ἐν συμποσίοις μετὰ τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν μεθυσθήσῃ [13]

Voilà ce qu’il dit pensant que son fils manque de toutes ces choses, et quoique mort les desire – que dire de plus – on brule choses aussi sur les tombeaux on tue encore sur son tombeau les chevaux les concubines les echansons, les habits come s’il pouvait se server de tout cela là bas aux enfers.

Mais s’il etait permis au fils de repondre du fond des enfers, ne dirait-il pas plutot ‘pourquoi pleures-tu, malheureux, κακόδαιμον ἄνθρωπε [16], pourquoi me trouves-tu à plaindre, moi qui suis bien plus heureux que toi? [in margin: inanité de la vie – soulagement d’en etre debarrassé] quel mal est-ce que je te semble souffrir. Je ne suis pas comme toi, devenu viellard chauve, la face rugueuse, courbé etc. et delirant devant le public. que te semble-t-il de bon dans cette vie dont je ne dois plus jouir, est-il qu’il ne vaut pas mieux n’avoir pas soif que de ne plus boire, n’avoir pas faim que de ne plus manger, et ne plus grelotter que d’etre fourni de vêtements.’ et le fils lui indique les lamentations qu’il faut faire. ‘tu as fui les maladies, l’ennui, le tyran.’ οὐκ ἔρως σε ἀνιάσει οὐδὲ συνουσία διαστρέψει, οὐδὲ σπαθήσεις ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὶς ἢ τρὶς τῆς ἡμέρας, ὢ τῆς συμφορᾶς. [17] [in margin: etre quitte de l’amour]

pourquoi des libations sur mon sepulcre penses-tu qu’il m’en arrivera quelque chose? La meilleure partie s’en va en fumes vers le ciel. ce qui reste est une poussière inutile, à moins que tu ne penses que nous ne nous nourrissions de cendres.

A. ηλικιωτης camarade. B. affliger C. σπαθάω serrer le tissue, quelquefois prodiguer comme l’ouvrier qui prodigue le fil en serrant trop la toile, se livrer à la debauche. de σπαθη instrument de tisserand et etrille/

[fol. 2r: upper right ‘2.’]

περὶ πένθους

C’est tous les peoples c’est la même loi d’inepties ἅπασι νόμος τῆς ἀβελτερίας [21] ce qu’il y a de different ce sont les modes de sepultures. [in margin: modes de sepulture] les grecs brulent les cadavres. Les Perses les enterrent, les Indiens les Indiens [sic] les enduisent de verre Ἰνδὸς ὑάλῳ περιχρίει, ὁ δὲ Σκύθης κατεσθίει, ταριχεύει δὲ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος [21] (ταριχεύω saler, enbaumer)

[in margin: les Scythes mangeaient les cadavres (je ne connais aucun texte autre où cela soit dit)]

Je raconte ce que j’ai vu: λέγω δ’ ἰδών [21]. l’egyptien fait la momie compagne de ses festins, et souvent manquant l’argent met en gag[n]e le corps de son père ou de son frère. – ceci prouve qu’au temps de Lucien tout ce qu’Herodote raconte existait encore, usage de la momification, cadavres dans le festins, et prets sur ce gage.

viennent ensuite les repas de famille. – les parens quoique crevant de faim depuis trois jours se font prier pour manger. [in margin: tout ce § 25 est d’un très haut comique] jusqu’à quand pleurons-nous etc. le vers d’Homère est dans la bouche de chacun

καὶ γάρ τ᾽ ἠΰκομος Νιόβη ἐμνήσατο σίτου [24=Iliad 24.602] etc.

telles sont les choses ridicules que l’on fait au funerailles parceque le vulgaire pense qu’il n’y a rien de pis que la mort.

___________________

Appendix 2: Lucian and Flaubert

Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, MS. Heineman 86, TranslationFootnote 45

[fol. 1r]

Death of Peregrinus

Περὶ τῆς Περεγρίνου Τελευτῆς [On the Death of Peregrinus]

Peregrinus did not act like Empedocles, who threw himself into the crater, far from men’s eyes, but in public so that people could see him – the Cynics consider him superior to Antisthenes or Socrates and make him a demigod and equal to Jupiter. Here is his previous history.

As a young man he was caught in Armenia committing adultery and forced to leap from a rooftop, thus saving his behind from a radish. διέφυγε, ῥαφανῖδι τὴν πυγὴν βεβυσμένος [9: he escaped with a radish stuffed in his anus] (βεβυσμένος before being plugged up)Footnote 46 – and later, after seducing an adolescent, he paid three thousand to the poor parents to avoid being hauled before the governor of Armenia – next he killed his father, and went into exile.

Next he went to Palestine, where he studied the strange wisdom of the Christians θαυμαστὴν σοφίαν Χριστιανῶν [11: the marvellous wisdom of the Christians] in the company of priests and scribes. Then he set himself up to be a prophet himself, the head of them all, and ruler of the synagogue ξυναγωγεὺς [11: leader of the synagogue] (=one who assembles and unites). He interpreted the books, and as a writer was considered a master. καὶ ὡς θεὸν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνοι ἡγοῦντο. For they (those men) honoured σέβουσι [11] that great man (τὸν μέγαν ἄνθρωπον) who died on the cross in Palestine for having introduced into their lives these new mysteries ὅτι καινὴν ταύτην τελετὴν εἰσῆγεν ἐς τὸν βίον [11: because he introduced this new cult into the world] (τελετὴς rite, ceremony – outcome?)

[cancelled in the margin: σέβουσι is weak: honour with a religious cult is the strongest connotation of the verb. Thus, Jesus Christ was not yet considered the son of God. Lucian wouldn’t have failed to mention this.]

Proteus (=Peregrinus) was put in prison for this (ἐπὶ τούτῳ). While he was in chains/

[fol. 1v] all the Christians came to see him, widows and orphans. They bribed the guards and spent the night with him.

§ 13 gives a brief summary of the ideas of the Christians. Their lawgiver persuaded them that they were brothers and would be immortal – offering themselves up to death – they worship him nailed to the cross – disdain of wealth. Knaves profit by dealing with them. One can become rich in little time.

The governor of Syria, a man who loved philosophy, seeing that Peregrinus wished to die to leave behind a great name, dismissed him, judging him unworthy.

So he returned to his homeland. But he was tormented by public opinion, which still remembered his parricide (the parricide is not described in detail, there are no particulars: cf. §10: he strangled him ἀπέπνιξε but the verb ἀποπνιζω can also mean to kill by vexation) – ruined by all his travels, he wandered as a Christian, leading a different life.

Then he left for Egypt with Agathobulus (παρὰ τὸν Ἀγαθόβουλον [17]: was this a man or a town?)Footnote 47 and there he adopted a strange regime, his head shaved on one side and his face covered with mud, in front of large crowds he rubbed his prick (interlinear gloss: ἀναφλῶν τὸ αἰδοῖον [stiffening his member] – ἀναφλαω to excite by touching φλαω to harden) then he caned his buttocks with a rod and had himself caned, performing other acts even more astounding εἶτα παίων καὶ παιόμενο παιόμενος νάρθηκι εἰς τὰς πυγὰς [17: then giving and taking blows on the buttocks with a fennel stalk] but παίω also means to agitate, and εἰς ‘inside’ [superscript] is just as likely – this involuntarily reminds me of the sodomitic displays of Kar’agheus.Footnote 48

Thence, his voyage to Italy – he insults the captain of the ship, who does not answer him – the urban prefect expels him from Rome because of his foul language – arriving in Greece, he incites the inhabitants to take up arms against the Romans./

[fol. 2r: upper right: ‘Peregrinus 2.’]

He continued to speak ill of and insult the man, equally remarkable for his knowledge and rank, who among other benefactions to Greece had brought water to Olympia so that the spectators would not die of thirst. [in the margin: But Olympia is on the banks of the Alpheus, so how can this be?] – for often many died because of the dryness of the area– and while drinking this water, Peregrinus accused the man of having made the Greeks soft. – people sought to stone him, and he was forced to take refuge in the temple of Jupiter (§ 19.)

Four years later, he returned and delivered a eulogy of the man who had brought the waters, and made honourable amends. – He started to think about his pyre and publicize it.

The following paragraphs are full of moral reflections that condemn his plan. – Why did he burn himself far from other men? Comparison with Herostratus, etc. – Hercules at least burned himself driven by an affliction, but he only acts out of vanity to demonstrate patience like the Brahmans. For having built a pyre, they would climb onto it, in dress, and remain there to the end without changing their position.

Peregrinus (or Proteus) appeared in the middle of an immense crowd and had a herald preceded him and announced the life he had led, the dangers he had faced, and what he had suffered on behalf of philosophy.

‘ I could hear little of it because of the vast multitude; and in my fear of being trampled, I withdrew.

But I heard him (Proteus) saying that he wanted to place a gold crown on his golden life, and that it suited one who had lived like Hercules to die like Hercules and pass into the air. He added that he wanted to show that we should disdain death, and that all men would be his Philoctetes.Footnote 49<’>– Some of the stupider people wept and cried, [fol. 2v] Save yourself for the Greeks! – and others cried more loudly: Let the fates be accomplished! This made the old man blanch, since he had expected that they would all restrain him and force him to live. – This great clamour made him blanch, even though he was already the colour of a corpse, and tremble. He stopped talking, and I laughed as you can imagine. He was not worthy of pity, etc. – And the narrator stays at Olympia, unwillingly because he had no conveyance. Peregrinus had announced that he would burn himself at night. A companion of the narrator (of Lucian, since there is no reason to think he isn’t speaking for himself) woke him in the middle of the night, and they arrive at Harpina, site of the pyre στάδιοι πάντες οὗτοι εἴκοσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὀλυμπίας κατὰ τὸν ἱππόδρομον ἀπιόντων πρὸς ἕω. [35: some twenty furlongs from Olympia as you pass the hippodrome towards the east] [in the margin: location of Αρπινης, twenty stades from Olympia] – Arriving, we saw the pyre stacked in a pit four cubits deep. – There were torches placed here and there among the brushwood, so that it would catch fire more quickly.

As the moon rose – it was fitting that it should behold this fine spectacle – he came forward dressed as was customary, with him were the principal Cynics and especially the fine fellow from Patras holding a torch (καὶ μάλιστα ὁ γεννάδας ὁ ἐκ Πατρῶν, δᾷδα ἔχων [36: especially the gentleman from Patras, holding a torch] what does this mean, who was he?) and Proteus too carried a torch. – They set fire to each side; and stripping himself of his beggar’s pouch, his cloak and his Herculean club, he appeared in dirty underwear. – He asked for incense to throw on the fire, and after someone gave him some, he spoke while turning to the south, Spirits of my father and my mother, receive me with goodwill. He leapt into the fire, and a large flame rose up and quickly covered him.

The Cynics remained around the pyre, silent and sad. – Until Lucian makes some witty remarks/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘Peregrinus 3.’]

that causes them to pick up their clubs. – And he escapes, to avoid being thrown on the fire with their master.

Along the way he encounters many people in a hurry to see the spectacle, for they thought he would appear on the pyre at dawn after the fashion of the Brahmans.– Lucian enjoys telling the simpletons how, at the moment when Proteus climbed onto the pyre. there was a great clap of thunder; and an eagle circling the flame cried out in a human voice, I’ve left the earth, and I go to Olympus. – stup bewilderment of his listeners – an old man in the crowd asserted that just after the execution he had seen Proteus walking clothed in white along the Colonnade of the Echoes,Footnote 50 and he added that he had seen a vulture flying away.

Judge then – Lucians continues, addressing the reader – how many bees will settle there, and how the cicadas have sung there, and crows fly there as around the tomb of Hesiod. – I’ve seen statues made by the people of Elis and other Greeks who claimed that he had written to them. –

Lucian further accuses Peregrinus of having panicked at sea on a voyage (43) and a few days before his death of having got indigestion by eating too much. – He also says he was wrong, shortly before he died, to treat a rheum in his eyes by rubbing them with a lotion. –

Despite all of Lucian’s efforts, Peregrinus doesn’t seem ridiculous – Besides, the narrative appears to be very true in its precision and particular details.

_______________________

***

[fol. 1r]

Lucian De amoribus [Affairs of the Heart]

The dialogue takes place between Lycinus and Theomnestus; the latter complains of the number of loves that assail him Θᾶττον ἄν μοι, ὦ Λυκῖνε, θαλάττης κύματα καὶ πυκνὰς ἀπ᾽ οὐρανοῦ νιφάδας ἀριθμήσειας ἢ τοὺς ἐμοὺς Ἔρωτας [2: You could more quickly, my dear Lycinus, count the waves of the sea or the flakes of a snowstorm than count my loves] – they are reborn like the heads of the Lernaean hydra.Footnote 51

This is complaining about something pleasurable, Lycinus replies τῶν γε μὴν ἐρωτικῶν ἱμέρων αὐτὸ τὸ βασανίζον εὐφραίνει καὶ γλυκὺς ὀδοὺς ὁ τοῦ πόθου δάκνει· πειράσας μὲν γὰρ ἐλπίζεις, τυχὼν δ᾽ ἀπολέλαυκας· ἴση δὲ ἡδονὴ τῷ παρεῖναι καὶ τὸ μέλλον [3: The very torment of your amorous yearnings delights you, and you are bitten by the sweet tooth of passion. For the attempt lets you hope; and your success gives you enjoyment. You get equal pleasure from the present and the future.]

Theomnestus asks Lycinus to tell him which is the best kind of love, the love of men or that of women. He himself doesn’t know, being equally drawn to one and the other – in this regard Lycinus recalls a debate on the subject between two men of their acquaintance – and he will recount it.

He was sailing to Italy – having embraced his friends, he goes on board and sits next to the helmsman. καὶ ῥοθίῳ τῷ τῶν ἐλατήρων μετὰ μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἀναχθέντες, ἐπειδὴ μάλα καὶ κατόπιν ἡμᾶς ἐποίμαινον αὖραι, τὸν ἱστὸν ἐκ τῶν μεσοκοίλων ἄραντες καρχησίῳ τὸ κέρας προσεστείλαμεν· εἶτ᾽ ἀθρόας κατὰ τῶν κάλων τὰς ὀθόνας ἐκχέαντες ἠρέμα πιμπλαμένου τοῦ λίνου κατ᾽ οὐδὲν οἶμαι βέλους ἐλάττονι ῥοίζῳ διιπτάμεθα βαρὺ τοῦ κύματος ὑποβρυχωμένου περὶ τὴν σχίζουσαν αὐτὸ πρῷραν. [6: We were soon carried away from land by the surge of our oars and, since we had very favourable breezes astern, we raised the mast from the hold and ran the yard up to the masthead. Then we let all our canvas down over the sheets and, as our sail gently filled, we went whistling along just as loud, I fancy, as an arrow does, and flew through the waves which roared around our prow as it cut through them.] – they stop at Rhodes, a city consecrated to the sun [Helios]. Lycinus enjoys looking at the paintings in the temple of Bacchus [Dionysus]; some people offer to explain them to him for a small fee. He leaves, and to his great joy he meets their friends Charicles of Corinth and Callicratidas of Athens; the former loved women and took care in dressing up, while the latter loved young boys, frequenting only gymnasia and living like a [fol. 1v] philosopher. They both wish to take him to dinner, but Lycinus first invites them both, and later goes to both their houses. This turned out well – the different taste of the two friends was revealed by their style of living. The Athenian’s servants were only beardless young boys. As soon as they began to grow facial hair, he sent them to work in his Attic fields as farmers or stewards. But Charicles’s house was full of women, bands of dancers and musicians, as at the Thesmophoria.Footnote 52 As for men, there was perhaps only a small child, and an old cook whose advanced age would itself stop preclude any slander – they take ship for Italy.

At Cnidus they stopped to see the temple of Venus [Aphrodite], but Callicratidas was reluctant to go. Καλλικρατίδας δ᾽ ὡς ἐπὶ θέαν θήλειαν ἄκων, ἥδιον ἂν οἶμαι τῆς Ἀφροδίτης Κνιδίας τὸν ἐν Θεσπιαῖς ἀντικαταλλαξάμενος Ἔρωτα. [11: Callicratidas was reluctant to behold anything female, and would have preferred, I imagine, the Eros of Thespiae to the Aphrodite of Cnidus.]

[in the margin: What was the Eros of Thespiae?Footnote 53 – some pederastic god, since it’s the opposite of the Venus of Cnidus.]

§ 19. Description of the temple of Venus on Cnidus. A lot of greenery – κυπαρίττων γε καὶ πλατανίστων αἰθέρια μήκη [12: cypresses and plane trees that towered to the heavens] some vines some ivy around the trees, and grapevines hanging prettily, since Bacchus is a good match for Venus. Both of them are excited. ἦν δ᾽ ὑπὸ ταῖς ἄγαν παλινσκίοις ὕλαις ἱλαραὶ κλισίαι τοῖς ἐνεστιᾶσθαι θέλουσιν, εἰς ἃ τῶν μὲν ἀστικῶν σπανίως ἐπεφοίτων τινές, ἀθρόος δ᾽ ὁ πολιτικὸς ὄχλος ἐπανηγύριζεν ὄντως ἀφροδισιάζοντες. [12: Under the particularly shady trees were joyous couches for those who wished to feast themselves there. These were only rarely visited by a few polite citizens, but all the city rabble flocked there on holidays to honour Aphrodite.]

The goddess, a work by Praxiteles, is in the middle of the temple – in Parian marble σεσηρότι γέλωτι μικρὸν ὑπομειδιῶσα [13: grinning with a gentle smile] – she is naked πλὴν ὅσα τῇ ἑτέρᾳ χειρὶ τὴν αἰδῶ λεληθότως ἐπικρύπτειν [13: except that she discreetly hides her private parts with one hand] Charicles is overcome with enthusiasm, and exclaims that Mars was quite fortunate to be conquered by her, and he kisses the statue as much as he can. Callicratidas says nothing – But he has seen her from behind, and bursts into the same admiration as Charicles: Ἡράκλεις, ὅση μὲν τῶν μεταφρένων εὐρυθμία, πῶς δ᾽ ἀμφιλαφεῖς αἱ λαγόνες, ἀγκάλισμα χειροπληθές [14: Hercules! what a well-proportioned back! What generous flanks! What a handful to embrace!] …

(literally: how abundant the flanks, with a suggestion of hollowness, something that fills the hand when embraced)/

[fol. 2r: upper right ‘2.’]

and the rest of §14 continues this exclamative/exclamatory description.

The statue had a stain on one thigh – he thought it was a flaw in the marble and admired the genius of Praxiteles, who cunningly arranged to conceal it in the less visible parts … when the attendant told them that a youth of a proper family had fallen in love with the goddess. [in the margin: A youth in love with a statue and possessing it (the same story is in Athenaeus (book of courtesans?),Footnote 54 the anecdote passes into Spain] – he would come to the temple at dawn and stay there all day, his eyes fixed on her; sometimes they heard him muttering little flattering speeches of love; sometimes to entertain his passion, he addressed the goddess, and tried his luck with dice made from the knucklebones of a gazelle – when luck was with him, he believed that he would realize his desire; but when it turned against him, he left filled with sadness. As his malady worsened, he would write on all the walls and on the soft bark of trees that Venus was beautiful ἐτιμᾶτο δ᾽ ἐξ ἴσου Διὶ Πραξιτέλης [16: he honoured Praxiteles as much as Zeus] [in the margin: Praxiteles equated with Jupiter] and if he had anything valuable with him, he brought it as an offering to the goddess. – At length, he resolved to possess her, and hid himself one day in the temple – τῶν ἐρωτικῶν περιπλοκῶν ἴχνη ταῦτα μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν ὤφθη καὶ τὸν σπίλον εἶχεν ἡ θεὸς ὧν ἔπαθεν ἔλεγχον [16: These marks of his amorous embraces were seen after day came and the goddess had that blemish to prove what she’d suffered.] – They say that the youth escaped from people’s gazes by throwing himself into the billowing sea or by dashing himself on a rocky cliff.

What would he have done had she been alive – if she had been a real woman, Charicles exclaims. For his part, Callicratidas claims that the lover possessed her from behind. Lycinus calms the two and bids each to speak in turn. This is where the debate begins. – They withdraw to a shady place.

Charicles begins with an invocation to Venus. ἴθι δὴ γυναιξὶν συνήγορος ἡ θήλεια, χάρισαι δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἀνδράσι μένειν ἄρρεσιν, ὡς ἐγεννήθησαν [19: Go, plead the cause of womankind, and grant that men remain male, as they were born to be] she is the primeval mother [in the margin: comic idea of Venus] she is the primeval source of things who by reconciling all the elements among themselves moved them to produce (§ 19) – for the reception [of seed] that both effect, one needed the duality of the sexes/[fol. 2v] τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἄρρεσιν ἰδίας καταβολὰς σπερμάτων χαρισαμένη, τὸ θῆλυ δ᾽ ὥσπερ γονῆς τι δοχεῖον ἀποφήνασα [19: She allowed males as their peculiar privilege to ejaculate semen, and made females to be a vessel as it were for the reception of seed]

In the beginning, when they lived in a heroic manner, and practised a virtue like the gods, fathers gave birth to noble children (γενναίων [20] noble-born) – later they sought new methods of enjoyment, and luxury violated the laws of nature συνῆλθε συνῆλθε δ᾽ εἰς μίαν κοίτην μία φύσις· αὑτοὺς δ᾽ ἐν ἀλλήλοις ὁρῶντες οὔθ᾽ ἃ δρῶσιν οὔθ᾽ ἃ πάσχουσιν ᾐδοῦντο, κατὰ πετρῶν δέ, φασίν, ἀγόνων σπείροντες ὀλίγης ἡδονῆς ἀντικατηλλάξαντο μεγάλην ἀδοξίαν. [20: The same sex entered the same bed; but seeing themselves embrace each other, they were ashamed neither at what they did nor at what they had done to them, and sowing their seed, as we say, on barren rocks they bought a little pleasure at the cost of great disgrace.]

They came to such a stage of tyranny that they violated the laws of nature using a sacrilegious blade τῶν δέ τῶν δ᾽ ἀρρένων τὸ ἄρρεν ἐκκενώσαντες εὗρον ἡδονῆς παρέλκοντα μέτρα. [21: By depriving males of their masculinity, they found wider ranges of pleasure.] [in the margin: They made eunuchs to serve as sodomites – there is a verse (of Martial?)Footnote 55 that says that Roman ladies doted on eunuchs (how?): see Cuvier’s note on Pliny in the Lemaire edition, where?Footnote 56] if they had followed women’s customs, they would have been spared all sorts of crimes. Lions don’t attack lions. ταῦρος ἀγελάρχης βουσὶν ἐπιθόρνυται, καὶ κριὸς ὅλην τὴν ποίμνην ἄρρενος πληροῖ σπέρματος. [22: The bull, monarch of the herd, mounts cows, and the ram fills the whole flock with seed from the male.] – every animal seeks its female, and the laws of Providence are respected.

How many pretend to love the beauty of the soul when they are inflamed by that of the body – was it love of virtue to love Alcibiades, who toppled the statues of the Gods and revealed the mysteries of Eleusis.

Furthermore, pleasure with women is preferable to that with boys, for it lasts longer. And the longer pleasure lasts, the more preferable it is. γυνὴ μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ παρθένου μέχρι μέσης ἡλικίας, πρὶν ἢ τελέως τὴν ἐσχάτην ῥυτίδα τοῦ γήρως ἐπιδραμεῖν, εὐάγκαλον ἀνδράσιν ὁμίλημα, κἂν παρέλθῃ τὰ τῆς ὥρας, ὅμως ‘ἡ ἐμπειρία ἔχει τι λέξαι τῶν νέων σοφώτερον’ (§ 25.) [25: Thus from maidenhood to middle age, before the time when the last wrinkles of old age finally spread over her face, a woman is a pleasant armful for a man to embrace, and, even if the beauty of her prime is past, yet ‘experience can speak more wisely than the young’.] [in the margin: The mature woman was appreciated in antiquity in terms of pleasure. The discovery of the thirty-year-old woman is not recent.]Footnote 57 the beauty of a young man passes quickly. Soon he grows hair, his members harden, while by contrast a woman’s grace continues to shine – on top of her head her fiery locks (πορφύροντες [26] dark-red gleams of light and shadow)/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘3.’]

similar to the flowers of hyacinths in bloom, in part spread behind her gracing her shoulders, and in part around her ears and temples, more curly than wild parsley. – and the rest of the body, on which not a single hair is seen, shines more brightly than glass from Sidon. – Besides, one may enjoy a woman in two ways, whereas with a boy can only give you the pleasure of a woman [sic] (§ 27) – if men go together, women do the same. And we must show them the same deference. [in the margin: debaucheries of women among themselves.] ἀλλήλαις ὁμιλησάτωσαν ὡς ἄνδρες· ἀσελγῶν δὲ ὀργάνων ὑποζυγωσάμεναι τέχνασμα, ἀσπόρων τεράστιον αἴνιγμα, κοιμάσθωσαν γυνὴ μετὰ γυναικὸς ὡς ἀνήρ· τὸ δὲ εἰς ἀκοὴν σπανίως ἧκον ὄνομα – αἰσχύνομαι καὶ λέγειν – τῆς τριβακῆς ἀσελγείας ἀνέδην πομπευέτω. πᾶσα δ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡ γυναικωνῖτις ἔστω Φιλαινὶς ἀνδρογύνους ἔρωτας ἀσχημονοῦσα. [28: Let them have intercourse with each other just as men do. Let them strap to themselves cunningly contrived instruments of lechery, those mysterious monstrosities devoid of seed, and let woman lie with woman as does a man. Let wanton tribadism – that word seldom heard, which I feel ashamed even to utter – freely parade itself, and let our women’s chambers emulate Philaenis, disgracing themselves with androgynous loves.] This Philaenis is mentioned in Book XVI of Athenaeus. She was a prudish lesbian who was believed (wrongly, it seems) to have composed obscene books. –

Callicratidas grants that Charicles has justly defended women. If they were in charge of things, they would elect him praetor or would make bronze statues of him. – He too invokes Love ἱεροφάντα μυστηρίων Ἔρως, οὐ κακὸν νήπιον ὁποῖον ζωγράφων παίζουσι χεῖρες, ἀλλ᾽ ὃν ἡ πρωτοσπόρος ἐγέννησεν ἀρχὴ τέλειον εὐθὺ τεχθέντα· σὺ γὰρ ἐξ ἀφανοῦς καὶ κεχυμένης ἀμορφίας τὸ πᾶν ἐμόρφωσας [32: Eros, who are no mischievous infant as the painters light-heartedly portray you, but were full-grown at birth, when brought forth by the earliest source of all life. For you gave shape to everything out of dark and confused formlessness.] [in the margin: cosmic notion of Love-Eros as hierophant of the mysteries = (revealer of secrets) –)]

Marriage was invented as a means necessary for the propagation of races, but only male love is the duty (ἐπίταγμα [33]) of a philosophical spirit – in the beginning human beings fed on roots, covered themselves with animal hides as they progressed to weaving wool and building houses; it is the same with male love. – It developed together with intelligence. If we blame it, why doesn’t Homer blame Prometheus for inventing the arts? [in the margin: + not the first] Cease then, Charicles, to insult our modesty with stories of the debauched life / [fol. 3v] of courtesans. Heavenly love has nothing to do with this little boy. For this other Love, a father of ancient times, (ἕτερος δὲ Ἔρως Ὠγυγίων πατὴρ χρόνων [37: But the other Love is the ancestor of the Ogygian age]) worthy to behold and a holy vision, everywhere inspires something sweet in our spirit … [in the margin: Ὠγυγίων χρόνων? Why does Ogyges mean ancient?]

It would be desirable, according to Euripides’s wish, if we were able, without intercourse with women, to buy children by paying at the temple.

But necessity binds us. Who can without disgust desire prefer a woman in the morning when he views her whose only care is to disguise her natural appearance?

If you saw them getting out of bed in the morning, you would find them uglier than the animal whose name spoken in the morning brings bad luck (monkeys). [in the margin: monkeys, bad luck to mention in the morning – why?] §§ 39 to 43 are devoted to the artificial dressing up of women – a crowd of serving-women, silver ewers, vials like those in a pharmacy, dental powders, eyebrow pencils, most of their time is spent on their hairdos, some dye their hair blonde with chemicals that make them redheads, or in the midday sun, as is done to wool, they dye it blonde. As for those who keep their dark colour, they spend all the wealth of their husbands. ὅλην Ἀραβίαν σχεδὸν ἐκ τῶν τριχῶν ἀποπνέουσαι [40: radiating from their hair almost all the perfumes of Arabia] – curling irons. Their hair falls down on the forehead, leaving a small space above their eyes, while the rest curls in rings on their shoulders. – Their shoes pinch their feet. καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἀνθοβαφῆ πέδιλα τῆς σαρκὸς ἐνδοτέρω τοὺς πόδας ἐπισφίγγοντα [41: after this, flower-coloured shoes that sink into their flesh and pinch their feet.] – They cover their bodies with a thin tissue, so that the most difficult thing to recognize is the face, except for the breasts that are imprisoned. χωρὶς τῶν ἀμόρφως προπεπτωκότων μαζῶν, οὓς ἀεὶ περιφέρουσιν δεσμώτας [41: except for their hideously prominent breasts which they always carry about bound like prisoners] – earrings with gems from the Red Sea weighing several talents/

[fol. 4r: upper right ‘4.’]

around their arms, gold dragons – around their heads, crowns starred with Indian jewels – necklaces – and gold descends down to their ankles, clutching everything naked around their ankles – make-up on their cheeks, they go to the mysteries διαφθορὰ ψυχῆς [42: the corruption of their souls] [in the margin: the mysteries of women seen as corrupting their morality] – When they return filled with all sorts of food, they pretend not to touch anything, etc. – All of this portrait of women’s lives is charming.

To this, Callicratidas then contrasts the life of a young man who goes out in the morning accompanied by his tutors, his face washed with clear water, etc. – Who wouldn’t fall in love with such a young man ideal for male friendship? See the end of § 46 – the love of Orestes and Pylades for each other – both killed Clytemnestra, and Pylades suffered more than Orestes when the Furies tormented him, etc. – We must love young people – example of Socrates – he ends his discourse with this citation from Callimachus:

Αἴθε γάρ, ὦ κούροισιν ἐπ᾽ ὄμματα λίχνα φέροντες,

Ἐρχίος ὡς ὑμῖν ὥρισε παιδοφιλεῖν,

ὧδε νέων ἐρόῳτε· πόλιν κ᾽ εὔανδρον ἔχοιτε.

[49: May you who cast your longing eyes on youths

So love the young as Erchius bid you do,

That in its men your city may be blessed.]

[in the margin: What is Erchios<?>]

Those who love young people have a clear conscience and acquire a good reputation. If we may trust the children of philosophers (τὸ πιστεύειν [49: to trust]), heaven will receive those who have studied such things, and when they die to a better life they will reap immortality as the reward of their virtue.

(The pompous tone of this peroration is obviously intentional – and comic like the entire work besides – It seems to me that Monsieur Boissonade (in his article on Lucian in the Biographie Universelle) never suspected this)Footnote 58 – Lycinus renders his judgement, to wit: that pederasty alone is worthy of a philosopher – but everyone should marry to have children – and only philosophers should love boys, since a woman is capable of very little virtue.

At this, Charicles was greatly saddened, while the Athenian beamed as if / [fol. 4v] he had defeated the Persians at Salamis. – But you, Theomnestus, how would you have pronounced if you had been the judge?

Theomnestus thinks that love springs from an increasingly close contact. There is an admirable passage of rhetorical gradationFootnote 59 in § 35 [actually, 53] in which everything is described in polished prose – & he concludes in favor of pederasty. having sketched amorous contacts with women, ‘You see how I love boys’, he says. – Socrates buggered Alcibiades, and Achilles Patroclus (§ 54) τούς γε μὴν ὀνομαζομένους παρ᾽ Ἕλλησιν κωμαστὰς οὐδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ δήλους ἐραστὰς νομίζω. [54: as for those the Greeks call revellers, I think they are merely ostentatious lovers.] [in the margin: Who were the Comastes?]

κωμαζω celebrate the festival of Bacchus

κωμαστη priest of Bacchus

***

[fol. 1r]

Περὶ ὀρχήσεως [The Dance, or Pantomime]

Lycinus tries to convince Crato of the excellence of the dance – dance has an archetype in the stars – ἡ γοῦν χορεία τῶν ἀστέρων καὶ ἡ πρὸς τοὺς ἀπλανεῖς τῶν πλανήτων συμπλοκὴ καὶ εὔρυθμος αὐτῶν κοινωνία καὶ εὔτακτος ἁρμονία τῆς πρωτογόνου ὀρχήσεως δείγματά ἐστιν. (7) – [7: The dance of the stars, and the interlacing of the fixed bodies with the planets, and their rhythmic agreement and well-ordered harmony—these are proofs that the dance was primordial.]

the dance of the Corybants in Phrygia, of the Curetes in Crete. Homer, wishing to give Meriones a title of honour, calls him a dancer [Iliad XVI.617]. Many heroes excelled in this art. It suffices to name Neoptolemus, Achilles’s son, who invented a dance named after him (as Pyrrhus), the Pyrrhichios.

The Spartans learned from Pollux and Castor the Caryatic, a sort of dance that was taught in the Lacedaemonian town of Caryae. It is of the same kind as:

the Hormos (= necklace) [12] is a dance of young boys and girls of alternating choirs with successive groups that form together forming a necklace. A young man presides over the warlike dance of his companions, while a young girl teaches her companions to dance gracefully; in this way the ensemble forms a sort of necklace composed of valour and modesty.

Dancers on the Shield of Achilles

Dance was held in such honour in Thessaly that they called their rulers and generals προορχηστῆρας [14] = dance masters. This is attested in several inscriptions; in one of theme we read: Εἰλατίωνι τὰν εἰκόνα ὁ δᾶμος εὖ ὀρχησαμένῳ τὰν μάχαν [14: This statue was erected at the public expense to commemorate Eilation’s well-danced victory.]

No ancient initiation into the mysteries can be made without dances. These were established by Orpheus and Musaeus, who were great dancers in their day./ [fol. 1v] At Delos no sacrifice was made that did not include dance and music.

As soon as the Indians awake, they worship the sun, unlike us, who think our worship is complete when we have kissed our hand οὐχ ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς τὴν χεῖρα κύσαντες ἡγούμεθα ἐντελῆ ἡμῶν εἶναι τὴν εὐχήν [17: unlike us, who think kissing our hands makes our prayer complete], [in the margin: to kiss one’s hand was a gesture of religious worship among the Greeks. – Compare that to Oriental greetings.] Turning to face the east, they greet the sun with a dance, and accordingly imitate the silence and movement of the stars – (17.)

The Ethiopians dance when they make war. – An Ethiopian would never shoot an arrow from his skull (they use skulls as quivers, and in them arrange their arrows radiating outwards) if he had not first danced and frightened the enemy by his gestures and dance.

Proteus was merely a dancer who imitated whatever he wished. [in the margin: explanation of the myth of Proteus in Lucian’s day] We may surmise that the Empusa, who could change into a hundred different shapes, was a woman of the same kind, about whom they constructed this myth.

dance of the Salii – of the Dactyls – of the festivals of Bacchus.Footnote 60

Socrates recommended dancing.

Emmelia a serious tragic dance

Cordax a farcical and indecent dance

Sicinnis a farcical and satyr-like dance (from σικιννος, the name of its inventor: see dictionary entry.)

§ 27. Critical description of the appearance of the tragic actor, with his disproportionate height, his mask with a gaping mouth that apparently would devour the spectators – or donning various shirtfronts on the chest and false stomachs as well/ [fol. 2r] ἐῶ λέγειν προστερνίδια καὶ προγαστρίδια [27: I say nothing of the chest-pads and stomach-pads], so that his corpulence matches his height.

The Phrygian dance was a sort of dance performed by drunkards. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο τὸ Φρύγιον τῆς ὀρχήσεως εἶδος, τὸ παροίκιον παροίνιον καὶ συμποτικόν, μετὰ μέθης γιγνόμενον [34: the Phrygian form of the dance that accompanied wine and drinking-bouts, performed in drunkenness] (μέθη drunkenness).

Besides, he doesn’t seek to show the origins of the dance, nor to expound offer an exposition of the art. This art is the culmination of every sort of instruction πάσης παιδεύσεως ἐς τὸ ἀκρότατον ἀφικνουμένην, οὐ μουσικῆς μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ῥυθμικῆς καὶ μετρικῆς, καὶ τῆς σῆς φιλοσοφίας μάλιστα, τῆς τε φυσικῆς καὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς [35: achieving the highest standard of culture, not only in music, but in rhythm and metre, and especially in your own philosophy, both physics and ethics] – The dancer must also know painting and sculpture so that he can reproduce figures as well as Phidias and Apelles.

He must know the origins of the world the history of and Chaos, down to the story of Cleopatra of Egypt, and what happened later, such as, etc. There follow twenty paragraphs listing the myths of antiquity, arranged by geographically.

for Athens

Ceres, Proserpina, Triptolemus, Icarius’s vineyard, Erigone’s woes, all the tales of Boreas, Orithyia, Theseus and Aegeus – Medea taking refuge, and her flight to Persia, the daughters of Erectheus and Pandion. – Acamas and Phyllis – the rape of Helen – Hippolytus, the return of the Heraclids etc.

for Corinth

Glauce, Creon, the strife between Bellerophon and Sthenoboea, and between Neptune and the Sun, the madness of Athamas, and the airborne flight of Nephele’s children on a sheep’s fleece.

In Mycenae.

story of the Pelopids – Inachus, Io, Argus, Atreus and Thyestes, Aerope, wedding of Pelops, slaying of Agamemnon, punishment of Clytemnestra/ [fol. 2v]

the Seven against Thebes – Adrastus.

in Nemea

Hypsipyle and Archemorus – Danaë, Perseus – the Gorgon (a story popular in Ethiopia) Cassiopeia and Andromeda, and Cepheus

The myths of Lacedaemonia are numerous:

Hyacinthus, Zephyrus, Tyndarus summoned from the underworld

Paris – the rape of Helen. The history of Ilion is linked to that of Sparta, Aeneas, Dido, Ulysses etc.

Elis:

Œnomaus, Myrtilus, Saturn, Jupiter, the first to compete at the Olympic games

Arcadia:

Daphne’s flight, Callistus changed into a wild beast, the madness of the Centaurs, the birth of Paris, the love of Alpheus and his underground stream

in Crete:

Europa, Pasiphaë, the two Bulls, τοὺς ταύρους ἀμφοτέρους [49: both bulls] – Ariadne, Phaedra, Androgeos, Daedalus, Icarus, Glaucus, the prophetic skill of Poly Polyiy Polyides – τὸν Τάλω, τὸν χαλκοῦν τῆς Κρήτης περίπολον [49–50: Talos, the bronze watchman of Crete]

in Aetolia

Althaea, Meleager, Atalanta – the combat of Hercules and the river, the birth of the Sirens, the Echinades – Alcmaeon’s madness – Nessus and Deianira. – Hercules’s pyre on Mt Œta.

Thrace.

Orpheus. – Haemus – Rhodope. – the punishment of LycurgusFootnote 61

Thessaly.

Pelias, Jason, Alceste, the expedition of the fifty youths, Argo and its chatty keel τὴν λάλον αὐτῆς τρόπιν [53: its talking keel]

Lemnos

Aeetes, Medea’s dream, Absyrtus torn to pieces and the events of the voyage – Protesilaos

and Laodamia.

in Asia.

Samos and the misfortunes of Polycrates, and the flight of his daughter into Persia – Tantalus – the gods dining with him – Pelops, the ivory shoulder

In Italy.

Eridanus, Phaethon – /

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘3.’]

He [the dancer] should also know the tales of the Hesperides, the dragon guarding the golden autumn τὸν φρουρὸν τῆς χρυσῆς ὀπώρας δράκοντα [56: the dragon that guards the golden fruit] (ὀπώρη autumn, the season of fruits and warm spells)Footnote 62 – Atlas – Geryon and the cattle from Erytheia.

The dancer should also know human metamorphoses: the people who were changed into animals, into trees, into birds, or those who were changed into men from women, like Caeneus and Tiresias.

In Phoenicia: Myrrha and the alternating grief of the Assyrians [for Adonis] καὶ τὸ Ἀσσύριον ἐκεῖνο πένθος μεριζόμενον [58: the Assyrian grief divided] (μεριζω to share) – etc. –

The saying of a barbarian king who asked Nero to give him a pantomime who could act as an interpreter in communicating with the nations of different tongues that he ruled. [64]

Seeing five masks prepared for a dancer, a barbarian said, ‘I didn’t know that you had five souls in a single body.’

Λεσβῶναξ γοῦν ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ἀνὴρ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός, χειροσόφους τοὺς ὀρχηστὰς ἀπεκάλει [69: Now, Lesbonax of Mytilene, a fine gentleman, called dancers ‘wise with their hands’]

The edifying effect of theatre caused by the contemplation of one’s own passions; see the end of §§ 72 and 79 – the physical qualities of the dancer, who must above be well proportioned. 75.

83. Comic anecdote of a dancer who, while playing the role of Ajax, was seized by actual madness, and tore the clothing off one of the time-keepers ἑνὸς γὰρ τῶν τῷ σιδηρῷ ὑποδήματι κτυπούντων τὴν ἐσθῆτα κατέρρηξεν [83: he ripped the clothes off one of those who beat time with the iron shoe], he nearly killed Ulysses, etc., so that all the actors fell into a frenzied madness. They let him do so, thinking this was the perfection of his performance that achieved this illusion.Footnote 63 This entire story is a small masterpiece: see 83.–84.

Lycinus concludes by inviting Cratinus/ [fol. 3v] to come to the theatre, and he accepts.

***

[fol. 1r]

Ονειρος Aλεκτρυων

The Dream or The Cock

Micyllus berates a cock who has just waked him from a very pleasant dream in which he was wealthy, and he vows to smash his brains with a stick.

As an excuse, the cock answers that he thought he would please his master by waking him early to get to work. ‘But if you prefer to sleep, I will fall silent and be muter than any fish.’

ὦ Ζεῦ τεράστιε καὶ Ἡράκλεις ἀλεξίκακε [2: O Zeus god of miracles and Herakles averter of harm] O Jupiter father of prodigies, and Hercules banisher of woes, what, does a cock speak? [in the margin: Ζευς τεραστιος the notion of τερας is opposed to that of Jupiter. Look up a Ζευς τεραστιος]

The cock reminds him that, for a man of letters, he has little memory. Didn’t Xanthus, Achilles’s horse, speak and predict the future? The keel of the ship Argo spoke, the groves of Dodon prophesied, not to mention the cattle of the sun, skinned and half-cooked on skewers. As for me, as a constant companion of Mercury, the most loquacious and eloquent of the gods, it’s not much trouble to speak in a human voice. If you promise to be silent, I’ll tell you the true cause of my communication with your race.

Whenever Mars went to visit Venus, unbeknownst to Vulcan, he brought with him a certain Cock to alert him when dawn broke. But one morning Cock fell asleep and the sun surprised the lovers, whom Vulcan then surprised. After that, Mars changed Cock into a bird and placed him on his helmet. Since then, when you hear the cock crow, it’s a sign of the rising sun.

Later, the cock was Pythagoras. γόητά φασι καὶ τερατουργὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὦ ἀλεκτρυών [4: they say he was a conjuror and a miracle-worker, O cock] Mycillus says [in the margin: This is clearly Lucian’s opinion of Pythagoras] and asks him how, being so talkative an animal, he prescribed a silence of five years on his disciples./ [fol. 1v] and how he forbade beans, when just yesterday he devoured so many.

The cock replies ἐγὼ δὲ τότε μὲν οὐκ ἤσθιον τῶν κυάμων, ἐφιλοσόφουν γάρ: νῦν δὲ φάγοιμ᾽ ἄν, ὀρνιθικὴ γὰρ καὶ οὐκ ἀπόρρητος ἡμῖν ἡ τροφή. [5: I did not eat beans then because I was a philosopher. Now, on the contrary, I propose to eat beans; they are a diet for birds and not forbidden.] – the cock asks Micyllus to recount his dream.

πολύ, ὦ Πυθαγόρα, χρυσίον εἶδον, πολύ, πῶς οἴει καλὸν ἢ οἵαν τὴν αὐγὴν ἀπαστράπτον [7: I saw a lot of gold, a lot; you can’t imagine its beauty or the brilliance of its flash]

Mycillus met the rich Eucrates, who invited him to dinner to celebrate the anniversary of his son’s birth. ‘I invited several friends, but one of them is ill; you’ll come in his place after your bath, unless he turns up, which is uncertain.’ § 9 At these words, I went off praying the gods that the sick man would get worse, and until bath-time I went off checking how many hours remained on the sundial. – When it was time, I hurried to clean off and turned my cloak inside out to look better. ἀναστρέψας τὸ τριβώνιον ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ καθαρωτέρου γένοιτο ἡ ἀναβολή [9–10: turning my cloak inside out to show the cleaner side]

At Eucrates’s door, he sees several men, among them on a litter the man he was meant to replace who was obviously ill. ὑπέστενε γοῦν καὶ ὑπέβηττε καὶ ἐχρέμπτετο μύχιόν τι καὶ δυσπρόσοδον, ὠχρὸς ὅλος ὢν καὶ διῳδηκώς, ἀμφὶ τὰ ἑξήκοντα ἔτη σχεδὸν ἐλέγετο δὲ φιλόσοφός τις εἶναι τῶν πρὸς τὰ μειράκια φλυαρούντων. [10: groaning and coughing and spitting in a hollow and offensive way; ghostly pale, puffy and around sixty years old. He was a philosopher, so they said, one of those who fill boys’ heads with nonsensical ideas] – When the doctor Archibius scolded him for coming in such a state, he said that philosophers should never forsake their profession, even if suffering a hundred maladies, and that ‘Eucrates would think that I slight him’.

[in the margin: φλυαρεω talk nonsense

μυχιον deep within

χρέμπτομαι spit with difficulty

μυχιος deep within.]

– He would rather, I replied, that you/ [fol. 2r] gave up your soul at home, rather than coughing it out with your phlegm in the middle of a banquet. In his magnanimity, he pretended not to hear any of this, when Eucrates came out and bid him enter. – He holds back Mycillus, who was about to leave, for he has sent his son up to the women’s quarters to diner with his mother. – They seat Thesmopolis (he’s the philosopher), propping him up with cushions to hold him up – And since there was no one else to support him they compel Mycillus to sit as the same table. εἶτα μηδενὸς ἀνεχομένου πλησίον κατακεῖσθαι αὐτοῦ ἐμὲ ὑποκατακλίνουσι φέροντες, ὡς ὁμοτράπεζοι εἴημεν. [11: As no one else could stand being next to him, they put me below him, so that we were fellow diners.] [in the margin: This sentence gives an idea of how they were seated at table.]

- We dined then; there were gold cups and handsome slaves, with musicians and jesters in the middle. καὶ ἐκπώματα ἦν χρυσᾶ καὶ διάκονοι ὡραῖοι καὶ μουσουργοὶ καὶ γελωτοποιοὶ μεταξύ [11: and there were golden cups and handsome servants and musicians and jesters all together] and I would have had a good time if Thesmopolis hadn’t bored me with his philosophy, declaring that two negations make an affirmation, and when it is night, it is not day. ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ κέρατα ἔφασκεν εἶναί μοι [11: sometimes he said I had horns] – Is there some nastiness or innuendo here, or is the sense that he spoke teasingly: when it is night, it is not day; or even that I had horns. Cf. § 11. And he prevented me, Mycillus continues, from hearing the singers and the lyres.

So that night he dreamed that Eucrates was making him his heir, and that he owned his vases and his houselhold slaves. εἶτα ἐξήλαυνον ἐπὶ λευκοῦ ζεύγους, ἐξυπτιάζων, περίβλεπτος ἅπασι τοῖς ὁρῶσι καὶ ἐπίφθονος. καὶ προέθεον πολλοὶ καὶ παρίππευον καὶ εἵποντο πλείους. / [fol. 2v] ἐγὼ δὲ τὴν ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἐκείνου ἔχων καὶ δακτυλίους βαρεῖς ὅσον ἑκκαίδεκα ἐξημμένος τῶν δακτύλων ἐκέλευον ἑστίασίν τινα λαμπρὰν εὐτρεπισθῆναι ἐς ὑποδοχὴν τῶν φίλων [12: Then I drove out behind a pair of white horses, holding my head high, the admiration and envy of all who saw me; many ran in front of me or rode alongside, and more followed. I had donned Eucrates’s splendid clothes and heavy rings, some sixteen of them on my fingers, and I was giving orders for a sumptuous feast to be prepared for the entertainment of my friends] – and he was drinking at this banquet when the cock’s crowing woke him.

The excellence of gold is such that Mycillus tells the cock the story of one of his neighbors named Simon, a base knave, who used to sponge meals but now goes out dressed in purple and has people call him Simonides – He has tables of ivory; everyone adores him, but he pays regard to no one. It’s the same with women. ὁ δὲ θρύπτεται πρὸς αὐτὰς καὶ ὑπερορᾷ καὶ τὰς μὲν προσίεται καὶ ἵλεώς ἐστιν, αἱ δὲ ἀπειλοῦσιν ἀναρτήσειν αὑτὰς ἀμελούμεναι. ὁρᾷς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ὁ χρυσὸς αἴτιος, εἴ γε καὶ μεταποιεῖ τοὺς ἀμορφοτέρους καὶ ἐρασμίους ἀπεργάζεται ὥσπερ ὁ ποιητικὸς ἐκεῖνος κεστός. [14: He flirts with them and slights them; but when he is kind and gracious to some, the neglected ones threaten to hang themselves. You see what blessings gold can bestow, when it transforms ugly people and makes them lovely, like Aphrodite’s girdle in poetry.]

Mycillus asks the cock to recount all his previous existences – The cock says

‘Ως μὲν ἐξ Ἀπόλλωνος τὸ πρῶτον ἡ ψυχή μοι καταπταμένη ἐς τὴν γῆν ἐνέδυ ἐς ἀνθρώπου σῶμα [16: How my soul originally left Apollo, flew down to earth, and entered into a human body] [in the margin: the soul as Apollo’s emanation] He was Euphorbus and fought at Troy. Mycillus asks him if everything happened as Homer reports. How could he know? the cock replies. At the time, he was a camel in Bactria. Ajax was not as tall, nor Helen as beautiful, as they say.

Tell me about your life as Pythagoras, Micyllus asks him.

– I was a sophist in everything. But to tell the truth, not an uncultured one, and versed in polite learning. I travelled Egypt to discuss wisdom/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘αλεκτρυων 3.’]

with their prophets; I entered their temples, and I studied the books of Horus and Isis. ἐξέμαθον τὰς βίβλους τὰς Ὥρου καὶ Ἴσιδος [18: I learned the books of Horus and Isis by heart], next I arrived in Italy. – Mycillus asks him if it is true that he believed he had risen from the dead, if he revealed his golden thigh, and why he prohibited eating meat and beans. At first, the cock hesitates, but eventually replies that all those things were meant only to impress people’s minds, so that by wrapping his precepts in mysteries, he made them more respectable.

Next, the cock was Aspasia, the courtesan of Miletus who was Pericles’s mistress. – Tiresias and Caeneus were also women. Micyllus asks which life was better, female or male; the cock is slightly angered and replies that soon he too Micyllus will also be a woman (§19). You think that everyone is like the people of Milos or Samos, Micyllus replies. In this passage, there is some filthy joke.

Later, the cock was the Cynic philosopher Crates, and then underwent various vicissitudes: he was a horse, a frog, a jay, and finally a cock. He lived among the poor and the wealthy; and if Mycillus knew the true condition of the latter, he wouldn’t envy them. – Benefits of mediocrity: §23 §§ 21–23 comparison to Icarus, whereas Daedalus by staying in the middle regions continues his course

The cock was once sitting pretty. He ruled a great kingdom. He had money, slaves, etc. People adored him, and jostled each other to see him pass. But he alone knew every day the cares that tormented him, just like one of the colossal statues / [fol. 3v] of Phidias or Praxiteles, made of gold and ivory and holding a trident or thunderbolt in one hand, but which are filled inside with nails, with beams, with glue, and large numbers of rats.

Another comparison with tragic actors whose fine garments are lined with miserable rags.

Like Asmodeus, the cock proposes to show Micyllus the interiors of the wealthy, so that he can judge their condition for himself.Footnote 64 – To enter anywhere, it suffices to pull the longest feather from the cock’s tale, which is soft and thus curved. Micyllus proposes stealing anything he wants from Simon’s house, but that is impossible. Mercury has ordered the cock to crow if anyone misuses this magical talisman.

ἀπότιλον, ὦ Μίκυλλε, πρότερον τὸ πτίλον (superscript: feather) … τί τοῦτο; ἄμφω ἀπέτιλας. [28: First pluck the feather out, Micyllus … . What’s this? You have plucked both of them out.] All the better, Mycillus replies; you’ll be less ugly, and won’t hobble any more on the other side of your tail.

They go to Simon’s house, and the door opens by itself. Simon’s monologue: a miser’s worries. Next, the house of the usurer Gniphon, whom they see counting on his fingers. – Next, the house of Eucrates, whom they see penetrated by a slave.

ὁρᾷς δ᾽ οὖν τὸν Εὐκράτην αὐτὸν μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκέτου πρεσβύτην ἄνθρωπον

Μ. ὁρῶ νὴ Δία καταπυγοσυνην καταπυγοσύνην καὶ πασχητιασμόν τινα καὶ ἀσέλγειαν οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνην τὴν γυναῖκα δὲ ἑτέρωθι ὑπὸ τοῦ μαγείρου καὶ αὐτήν. [32: Do you see Eucrates the old man done by his servant… M. Yes, by Zeus, I see sodomy and bestiality and monstrous lechery, and in another room I see his wife done by the cook.] [in the margin: πασχητιάω to have impure desires] The cock asks Micyllus if he wants to be Eucrates’ heir καὶ πάντα ἔχειν τὰ Εὐκράτους. [33: to have all of Eucrates’s property] I’d rather die of hunger, Micyllus replies. δύο ὀβολοὶ ἐμοί γε πλοῦτός ἐστι μᾶλλον ἢ τοιχωρυχεῖσθαι πρὸς τῶν οἰκετῶν. [33: two obols is a fortune to me compared to being burgled by my servants] Dawn breaks, and they return home.

[in the margin: τοιχωρυχεω. to break through a wall to steal. This is an allusion to the misers described above, and to the passivity of Eucrates treated by his slave like a wall.]

***

[fol. 1r]

ΜΕΝΙΠΠΟΣ Η ΝΕΚΡΟΜΑΝΤΕΙΑ

Menippus returns from the underworld and greets his house. Philonides asks him whence he comes dressed in a felt cap (πῖλος) [1], a lyre and a lionskin. Menippus in turn asks for news of the world. People commit theft, perjury, usury, etc., Philonides replies, and asks what prompted his journey and what he saw.

When I was a child, Menippus says, in Homer and Hesiod I found gods and half-gods who were adulterers, fighting each other, banishing their parents, and marrying their siblings. I thought all these things charming, and delighted in them. – When I grew up, I saw that our laws contradicted the poets, and prohibited debauchery, rebellion and theft. So I was in quite a quandary, since I could not believe that the gods were guilty of all these crimes, if they thought them wrong, or that lawmakers had prohibited them, unless they found it useful. So I went to find the philosophers. It was like putting logs on a fire. All I found was incertitude and more reasons for doubt. – their inconsistent morals – and dialectical subtleties. And he observed that their behavior contradicted their words. [in the margin: the ignorance of simple folks shared by sages] σφαλεὶς οὖν καὶ τῆσδε τῆς ἐλπίδος ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐδυσχέραινον, ἠρέμα παραμυθούμενος ἐμαυτὸν ὅτι μετὰ πολλῶν καὶ σοφῶν καὶ σφόδρα ἐπὶ συνέσει διαβεβοημένων ἀνόητὸς τέ εἰμι καὶ τἀληθὲς ἔτι ἀγνοῶν περιέρχομαι. [6: again disappointed of my hope, I was more uneasy than before; it was a slight consolation to reflect that I was in the company of many wise and sensible men, even if I was a fool still lost in my quest for the truth.] Then he had the idea of going to Babylon to consult the Magi, who were the disciples and successors of Zoroaster. ‘I had heard that their incantations would open the gates of the underworld and allow me to return thence.’ He wanted see Tiresias and learn from him what sort of life is the best. (note below: x συνέσις literally, junction)/ [fol. 1v] Thus, Menippus hurried off to Babylon, where he found a Chaldaean named Mithrobarzanes, a man with a white beard and hair and a venerable appearance. He entreated him to show the way no matter what the cost.

[in the margin: ceremonies preparatory to descending into the underworld – the realm there, etc.]

For twenty-nine days beginning with the new moon, the sorceror would bathe me at dawn in the Euphrates while singing a long charm that I didn’t understand at all and that recalled the cries of the heralds in our public games. After the incantation, he spat three times on my face, and I went home with my gaze lowered to avoid seeing anyone. As food, I ate walnuts, drank milk, hydromel and water from the Choaspes river; and I slept on the grass under the open sky. εὐνὴ δὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐπὶ τῆς πόας [7: my bed was outdoors on the grass] At length, when he deemed the preparations sufficient, he led me at midnight to the banks of the Tigris – he washed and dried me while muttering an incantation, and handed me a small torch and a sea squill (σκίλλη). Finally, after charming me καταμαγεύσας [7: bewitched] so that the ghosts wouldn’t harm me, he brought me home walking backwards. We were finally ready for the journey.

Then he dressed me in a magic stole (στολη long garment; the word also means expedition or departure (from στελλω) there is a pun here) in the fashion of the Medes [in the margin: costume for the journey] and he furnished me with a felt cap, a lionskin and a lyre; and counselled me that, if anyone asked my name, I shouldn’t say Menippus, but Hercules, Ulysses or Orpheus. He thought that by resembling those who while alive had descended before us into the underworld, I could deceive the watchfulness of Aeacus.

Day was dawning when we descended to the rivers, and began our expedition. Everything was ready for accomplishing our mission: a boat, a victim, spiced wine (=μελίγρατον hydromel). We got into the boat weeping sad and copious tears / [fol. 2r]

βαίνομεν ἀχνύμενοι, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες

[9: We boarded in grief, pouring forth abundant tears. = Odyssey XI.5.]

We travelled for some time on the river, and then were carried into a swamp and lake into which the Euphrates empties. Having passed it, we entered a desolate place, wooded and sunless, and there we stopped. Mithrobarzanes walked in front of me. We crossed a pit, sacrificed some lambs, and sprinkled the blood all around. The sorceror held a lighted torch in one hand, and still talking not only not ceasing to speak, but with loud cries shouting as loud as possible, invoked together all the demons, the Poenae,Footnote 65 the Furies, nocturnal Hecate, Prosperina, so renowned, renowned as making ancestors tremble, all mixed in with barbarous, strange and polysyllabic names.

Suddenly everything shook, and at this spell the sun appeared καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπῳδῆς τοὔδαφος ἀνερρήγνυτο [10: and the ground was rent asunder by the incantation] and we heard the barking of Cerberus, and there appeared the lake of Pyriphlegethon, followed by the kingdoms of Pluto. After we had descended into the abyss, we found Rhadamanthus half dead with fear. Cerberus barked but soon fell asleep at the sound of my lyre. The crossing boat was laden and filled with laments. Everyone there had a wound, some on a leg and others on the head, as if after a battle. But as soon as Charon saw my lionskin, he took me for Hercules and gladly welcomed me aboard. As we left, he showed us the way.

Mithrobarzanes walked in front of me in the darkness. [in the margin: this recalls Virgil and Dante] I followed behind holding close to him, until we came to a great field of asphodel. There the shades of the dead cried as they swirled around us. – We arrived at the tribunal of Minos. – Poenae – the Furies, and a host of the wicked, usurers, and wealthy, pale with swollen bellies; the gouty were chained to iron collars that weighed two talents. – Each one (each shade) was indicted. – Our shades are witness to all our actions in life, and accuse us after death.

Minos especially rebuked the proud, those to whom chance had once given mortal goods. – Stripped of all their fine possessions, they held their faces bent towards the ground [in the margin: x το εδαφος (‘the ground’)], like people who try to recall a dream. – When I recognized someone, I approached him/ [fol. 2v] and reminded him of the time when, going out dressed in purple, he thought that his handshake would give someone great happiness. – Recalling this, they wept.

We came to the place of punishment, where there are many sad sights and sounds. All together there were the sound of whips, and the weeping of those burning in the fire; iron collars, capstans and wheels; the Chimaera tore them, Cerberus devoured them; and some hid their faces from shame. τοῖς μέντοι πένησιν ἡμιτέλεια τῶν κακῶν ἐδίδοτο, καὶ διαναπαυόμενοι πάλιν ἐκολάζοντο. [14: The poor were given only half the torments, and rested before being punished again.] [in the margin: the poor suffer less in hell than the rich] – He sees Sisyphus, Tantalus and Tityos the son of the earth.

Then we were in the river of Acheron, where we found demi-gods and the <goddesses>, and the entire host of the dead grouped by peoples and tribes. The oldest were mouldy and formless, while the new ones were more solid, especially the Egyptians, thanks to their embalming. – It was by no means easy to recognize anyone, since they all resembled each other with their naked bones (cf. § 15), and we had to stopped to look at them for some time in order to distinguish them. They were around ἅπαντες γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ἀλλήλοις γίγνονται ὅμοιοι τῶν ὀστῶν γεγυμνωμένων. [15: for all become completely alike when their bones are stripped bare.] They lay all around in a jumble, obscure, unknown, retaining nothing that makes them fair on earth.

[in the margin: a hideous and technical description of death – rare in antiquity – an effect in the style of Shakespeare –] And all these recumbent skeletons, glowering frightfully from their empty eye sockets and showing their bare teeth. I faltered trying to distinguish Thersites from fair Nireus, Irus from the king of the Phaeacians, and Agamemnon from the cook Pyrrhias. For none of their former features remained; instead, all the bones were so similar that no one could recognize them.Footnote 66

Cf. § 16: comparison of people to tragic actors who wear their theatrical costumes only briefly, and after the play undress and are naked.

Philonides asks Menippus if those who have had great tombs and inscriptions differ from the masses of the dead. [in the margin: vanity of tombs]/

[fol. 3r: upper right ‘3.’]

Not at all, Menippus replies. I saw Mausolus apart and by in a corner. Everyone is equal down there, because Aeacus doesn’t give one shade more than another. – δίδωσι δὲ τὸ μέγιστον οὐ πλέον ποδὸς – ἀνάγκη ἀγαπῶντα κατακεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸ μέτρον συνεσταλμένον [17: he assigns at most barely a foot, and one must accept lying there crammed into the space] [in the margin: no one has more than six feet in the grave] You’d laugh if you saw those who were satraps and kings begging down there and being slapped by everyone. – He saw Philip of Macedon cobbling shoes in a corner.

The talkative shades of Palamedes, Ulysses and Nestor strolled around on their swollen legs. Diogenes is next to Sardanapalus and Midas, and when he hears them bewail their former fortune, he laughs and enjoys it. – Lying on his back, he sings, and his sharp and harsh voice drowns their groans so that they can hardly stand it.

The dead passed the following plebiscite: to wit, when the rich have died, they will be changed into asses, and return to the world above to be mistreated by the poor.

He approaches Tiresias, who says he knows the source of his perplexities, which lies in the inconsistencies of the philosophers. He draws him apart, and whispers in his ear. ὁ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν αριστος ἄριστος βίος καὶ σωφρονέστερος. [21: the life of ordinary men is the best and wisest.] [in the margin: the final conclusion is that there is nothing serious] He says that we should give up all the syllogisms and trivialities, benefit from what we have, and take nothing seriously.Footnote 67 After this, he lay down again in the field of asphodel. He then resolved to go home, and Mithrobarzanes led him to another dark place, and showing him a tiny light like one that passes through a keyhole, Behold, he said, the temple of Trophonius, where the Boeotians descend.Footnote 68 Try it, and you will soon be in Greece. [in the margin: cave of Trophonius. – Lebadaea] I bid the sorcerer farewell, and having entered into the narrow opening in the chasm, somehow I found myself in Lebadaea. καὶ τὸν μάγον ἀσπασάμενος χαλεπῶς μάλα διὰ τοῦ στομίου ἀνερπύσας οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως ἐν Λεβαδείᾳ γίγνομαι. [22: Having embraced the sorcerer, I laboriously crawled up through the hole, and somehow found myself in Lebadaea.] [in the margin: The opening is very narrow and at ground level. But ἀνερπυω actually means to climb or clamber]

***

[fol. 1r]

On Mourning περὶ πένθους

It is useful to examine how people deal with death, what they think about it and the follies they commit.

The vulgar masses think that under the earth there is a deep, spacious and shadowy place. [in the margin: underworld satirized] καὶ ἀνήλιον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως αὐτοῖς φωτίζεσθαι δοκοῦντα πρὸς τὸ καὶ καθορᾶν τῶν ἐνόντων ἕκαστον [2: and sunless, I don’t know how they imagine it lighted up so that everything in it can be seen] It is ruled by Pluto, who is so named διὰ τὸ πλουτεῖν τοῖς νεκροῖς [2: because of his wealth among the dead] Once a shade is there, it cannot leave except for special reasons that are quite rare. – It is surrounded by rivers, Cocytus, Pyriphlegethon and others with terrifying names – Cerberus, Lethe, Minos and Rhadamanthus, etc.

We nourish the shades by the libations that we pour on their graves ὡς εἴ τῳ μὴ εἴη καταλελειμμένος ὑπέρ γῆς φίλος ἢ συγγενής, ἄσιτος οὗτος νεκρὸς καὶ λιμώττων ἐν αὐτοῖς πολιτεύεται [9: so that if anyone has not left behind a friend or relation, it is as a fasting and famished corpse that he dwells among the others] [in margin: libations]

As soon as a person dies, we place an obol in his mouth, without knowing what coin is current down there, and without imagining that it would be better if he doesn’t pay the fare, since the boatman would send him back to life.

[in the margin: funeral washing] Next, we wash them, as if there were no underworld lake for bathing them; then we anoint the fetid corpse with unguents, we crown their brow with flowers and we dress them in fine clothing, fearing no doubt that they will catch cold on the way, or to prevent their appearing naked before Cerberus.

We weep, we tear our cheeks, we smear ourselves with ashes ζῶντες οἰκτρότεροι τοῦ νεκροῦ [12: the living are more pitiable than the dead] while the corpse is handsome and crowned ὑψηλὸς πρόκειται καὶ μετέωρος ὥσπερ εἰς πομπὴν κεκοσμημένος [12: it lies high up and exalted as if dressed for a parade] [in margin: contrast between the corpse and the attendants]

Then the mother or the father steps forth from the crowd of relatives, and kisses the corpse (we suppose the deceased is a handsome young man, so that the affair will be complete)/ [fol. 1v] and says many foolish and senseless things which the corpse would reject if he could talk. In a lugubrious tone, the father says ‘You have gone away; you died before your time’ [in the margin: mockery of paternal grief] οὐ γαμήσας, οὐ παιδοποιησάμενος, οὐ στρατευσάμενος, οὐ γεωργήσας, οὐκ εἰς γῆρας ἐλθών οὐ κωμάσῃ πάλιν οὐδὲ ἐρασθήσῃ, τέκνον, οὐδὲ ἐν συμποσίοις μετὰ τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν μεθυσθήσῃ [13: you never married, never had children, never soldiered, never farmed, never reached old age; never again will you make merry, nor experience love, my son, nor get drunk with friends at drinking-parties]

This is what he says, thinking that his son lacks these things, and desires them although he is dead – what more can one say? – on a grave we still slaughter horses, concubines, cupbearers or burn clothing, as if he could use all these things in the underworld.

Now, if the son were allowed to respond from the depths of hell, wouldn’t he say ‘Why are you weeping, miserable wretch?’ κακόδαιμον ἄνθρωπε [16: unfortunate man] ‘Why do you think you should bewail me, when I am much happier than you?’ [in the margin: the inanity of life – the relief of being rid of it] ‘What ill do you think I suffer? I am unlike you, a bald, wrinkled and bent-over old man, etc., raving before the public. What do you find so good in this life that I no longer enjoy? Isn’t is better to forego thirst than drinking, hunger than eating, shivering than wearing clothes?’ and the son shows him what laments he should utter. ‘You have escaped from illness, boredom, tyranny.’ οὐκ ἔρως σε ἀνιάσει οὐδὲ συνουσία διαστρέψει, οὐδὲ σπαθήσεις ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὶς ἢ τρὶς τῆς ἡμέρας, ὢ τῆς συμφορᾶς. [17: Never again, my son, shall love torment you, or pleasures harm you, nor will you squander your strength two or three times a day. What misfortune!] [in the margin: to be free from love]

Why do you think that part of your libations on my grave will reach me in the underworld? The best part of it rises as smoke into the sky. What is left is worthless dust, unless you think we are nourished by ashes.

  1. A.

    ηλικιωτης companion. B. distress. C. σπαθάω tighten a fabric, sometimes squander, like the weaver who squanders thread by overtightening the cloth, to yield to debauchery. σπαθη a weaver’s tool [‘weaving sword’] or strigil [scraper]

περὶ πένθους [fol. 2r: upper right: ‘2.’]

Among all the nations there is the same law of folly ἅπασι νόμος τῆς ἀβελτερίας [21: everyone has the same custom of foolishness] what is different are the types of burial. [in the margin: types of burial] the Greeks burn their cadavers. The Persians bury them, the Indians the Indians [sic] glaze them Ἰνδὸς ὑάλῳ περιχρίει, ὁ δὲ Σκύθης κατεσθίει, ταριχεύει δὲ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος [21: the Indian glazes, the Scythian eats, the Egyptian embalms] (ταριχεύω to salt, embalm)

[in the margin: the Scythians ate their cadavers (I don’t know any other text that says this)]

I relate what I have seen λέγω δ’ ἰδών [21: I speak having seen it].

The Egyptian makes the mummy a guest at his banquets, and often, when in need of money, will pawn the body of his father or brother. – This proves that in Lucian’s day everything reported by Herodotus still existed: the custom of mummification, cadavers at banquets and loans on such securities.

Next are the family meals. – Although starving for three days, the parents must be persuaded to eat. [in the margin: all of § 25 is high comedy] how long shall we weep, etc. Homer’s line is on everyone’s lips:Footnote 69

καὶ γάρ τ᾽ ἠΰκομος Νιόβη ἐμνήσατο σίτου etc.

[24: even lovely haired Niobe remembered to eat = Iliad XXIV.602]

Such are the ridiculous things that people do at funerals because the vulgar masses think there is nothing worse than death.

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Marsh, D. Lucian and Flaubert. Int class trad 28, 446–501 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12138-020-00579-8

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