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Meeting Adversity with Resilience: Survival of Zimbabwean Migrant Women in South Africa

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Abstract

Migration is used as a coping and adaptation strategy and can increase migrants’ resilience to maintain and expand their livelihoods and survival strategies. Despite the challenges migrants encounter in host environments, they overcome the challenges, cope and adapt. This study explored the socio-economic coping and adaptation strategies employed by Zimbabwean migrant women in South Africa. The study employed the social capital theory, which embodies contemporary sustainable livelihood framework capitals as well as political and cultural capitals. A survey and multi-attribute contingent ratings of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the migrants were used. The results showed that the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrant women and innate and acquired livelihood capitals played a significant role in their coping and adaptation. Human livelihood capital was most important in facilitating migrant women’s coping and adaptation. The South African government’s strong stance on gender relations and equality issues benefited the migrant women who capitalised on the policies to survive and earn livelihoods. Despite adversities such as the exclusion of foreigners from social welfare benefits, political challenges and the xenophobic atmosphere, migrant women took advantage of their capabilities and capacities, which they nurtured. Even with Zimbabwe’s adverse situation and given the migrant women’s resilience, skills and hard work, it is yet to be seen if South Africa will embrace migrants’ positive contributions. A strong recommendation is made for policymakers to address tensions between migrants and locals and mainstream international migration into developmental processes to align with the 2030 global agenda.

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Notes

  1. BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The BRICS members are all leading developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs; all five are G-20 members.

  2. This paper is part of the PhD thesis by Ncube (2017). The socio-economic coping and adaption mechanisms employed by African migrant women in South Africa, PhD thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.

  3. A stokvel is an informal savings pool or syndicate, usually among Black people, where funds are contributed in rotation, allowing participants to receive lump sums (Oxford Living Dictionaries, 2017).

  4. Pseudonym used for the participant.

  5. The term location in South Africa refers to the often less developed racially segregated urban residential areas mainly for Black people.

  6. Mukuru is a remittance company used by people in the diaspora to send money back home.

  7. MMM is a pyramid scheme that works similar to Ponzi schemes. They all rely on recruiting people to join the scheme, promising unrealistic returns on investment.

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  1. Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa (DiMTEC), The University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa

    Alice Ncube

  2. Department of agricultural economics, The University of the Free State, Internal box 58, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa

    Y. T. Bahta

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Ncube, A., Bahta, Y.T. Meeting Adversity with Resilience: Survival of Zimbabwean Migrant Women in South Africa. Int. Migration & Integration 23, 1011–1043 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00878-2

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