Abstract
The Internet has emerged as a significant source of knowledge about sexuality, particularly because of its anonymity and easy accessibility. The present study examined the sexual content found on TikTok, a social media platform popular with adolescents. The main research question focused on the types of sexual content and messages prevalent on TikTok. The study also explored the identity of those who share information about sexuality on TikTok, the most popular content consumed, and notable omissions. To address these inquiries, we conducted a content analysis of the top 100 videos tagged with the hashtag #sexuality on TikTok. The findings revealed eight recurring themes in the videos. Content creators on TikTok (TikTokers) promoted a positive perspective on sex, emphasizing pleasure and attraction as an alternative to traditional sexuality education, which tends to focus on the risks associated with teenage sexuality. The relationships portrayed in the videos rely on stereotypical gender norms, and the limited duration of the videos allows providing only superficial information. Topics such as watching porn or using contraceptives, which are considered important aspects of comprehensive sexuality education, were scarce or absent on the TikTok videos sampled. This study can help teachers and counsellors responsible for sexuality education programs better understand the content to which adolescents are exposed, enabling them to adapt their conversations and interactions with students accordingly.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barak, A., & Fisher, W. A. (2001). Toward an internet-driven, theoretically-based, innovative approach to sexuality education. Journal of Sex Research, 38(4), 324–332.
Berman, L. A., Berman, J., Miles, M., Pollets, D., & Powell, J. A. (2003). Genital self-image as a component of sexual health: Relationship between genital self-image, female sexual function, and quality of life measures. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 29, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/713847124
De Haas, B., & Hutter, I. (2019). Teachers’ conflicting cultural schemas of teaching comprehensive school-based sexuality education in Kampala, Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1463455
Dolev-Cohen, M., Nezer, I., & Zumt, A. A. (2022). A qualitative examination of school Counselors’ experiences of sextortion cases of female students in Israel. Sexual Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632221145925
Dolev-Cohen, M., & Ricon, T. (2022). Talking about sexting: Association between parental factors and quality of communication about sexting with adolescent children in Jewish and Arab society in Israel. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 48(5), 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2021.2002489
Döring, N. (2021). Sexuality education on social media. In A. D. Lykins (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Sexuality and Gender (pp. 11–21). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59531-3_64-1
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Fine, M. (1988). Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire. Harvard Educational Review, 58(1), 29–54.
Fowler, L. R., Schoen, L., Smith, H. S., & Morain, S. R. (2022). Sexuality education on TikTok: A content analysis of themes. Health Promotion Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399211031536
Glikman, A., & Elkayam, T. S. (2019). Addressing the issue of sexual orientation in the classroom–attitudes of Israeli education students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 16(1), 38–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2018.1526732
Goldfarb, E. S., & Lieberman, L. D. (2021). Three decades of research: The case for comprehensive sexuality education. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036
Gray, N. J., Klein, J. D., Noyce, P. R., Sesselberg, T. S., & Cantrill, J. A. (2005). Health information-seeking behaviour in adolescence: The place of the internet. Social Science & Medicine, 60(7), 1467–1478.
Haberland, N., & Rogow, D. (2015). Sexuality education: Emerging trends in evidence and practice. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(1), S15–S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.013
Hendricks, J. S., & Howerton, D. M. (2010). Teaching values, teaching stereotypes: Sexuality education and indoctrination in public schools. The University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 13, 587.
Hirst, J. (2013). ‘It’s got to be about enjoying yourself’: Young people, sexual pleasure, and sex and relationships education. Sexuality Education, 13(4), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2012.747433
Jemmott, J. B., Jemmott, L. S., & Fong, G. T. (1992). Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: Effects of an AIDS prevention intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 82(3), 372–377.
Johnston, J. (2016). Subscribing to sex edutainment: Sexuality education, online video, and the YouTube star. Television & New Media, 18(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476416644977
Jones, R. K., & Biddlecom, A. E. (2011). Is the internet filling the sexual health information gap for teens? An exploratory study. Journal of Health Communication, 16(2), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.535112
Kanuga, M., & Rosenfeld, W. D. (2004). Adolescent sexuality and the internet: The good, the bad, and the URL. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 17(2), 117–124.
Kelleher, E., & Moreno, M. A. (2020). Hot topics in social media and reproductive health. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(6), 619–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2020.06.016
Kemigisha, E., Bruce, K., Ivanova, O., Leye, E., Coene, G., Ruzaaza, G. N., & Michielsen, K. (2019). Evaluation of a school-based comprehensive sexuality education program among very young adolescents in rural Uganda. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–11.
Kendall, N. (2012). The sexuality education debates. University of Chicago Press.
Klein, V., Imhoff, R., Reininger, K. M., & Briken, P. (2019). Perceptions of sexual script deviation in women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1280-x
Lamb, S., Graling, K., & Lustig, K. (2011). Stereotypes in four current AOUM sexuality education curricula: Good girls, good boys, and the new gender equality. Null, 6(4), 360–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2011.624477
Lee, G. Y., & Lee, D. Y. (2019). Effects of a life skills-based sexuality education programme on the life-skills, sexuality knowledge, self-management skills for sexual health, and programme satisfaction of adolescents. Sex Education, 19(5), 519–533.
Lusky-Weisrose, E., Marmor, A., & Tener, D. (2021). Sexual abuse in the Orthodox Jewish community: A literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(5), 1086–1103.
Manduley, A. E., Mertens, A., Plante, I., & Sultana, A. (2018). The role of social media in sexuality education: Dispatches from queer, trans, and racialized communities. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353517717751
Marques, S. S., Lin, J. S., Starling, M. S., Daquiz, A. G., Goldfarb, E. S., Garcia, K. C., & Constantine, N. A. (2015). Sexuality education websites for adolescents: A framework-based content analysis. Journal of Health Communication, 20(11), 1310–1319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018621
Marshall, E. A., Miller, H. A., & Bouffard, J. A. (2021). Bridging the theoretical gap: Using sexual script theory to explain the relationship between pornography use and sexual coercion. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9–10), NP5215–NP5238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518795170
Miedema, E., Le Mat, M. L., & Hague, F. (2020). But is it comprehensive? Unpacking the ‘comprehensive’ in comprehensive sexuality education. Health Education Journal, 79(7), 747–762. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896920915960
Ming, S., Han, J., Li, M., Liu, Y., Xie, K., & Lei, B. (2023). TikTok and adolescent vision health: Content and information quality assessment of the top short videos related to myopia. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1068582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1068582
Müller, C., Oosterhoff, P., & Chakkalackal, M. (2017). Digital pathways to sexuality education. IDS Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2017.106
Nappi, R. E., Liekens, G., & Brandenburg, U. (2006). Attitudes, perceptions and knowledge about the vagina: The International Vagina Dialogue Survey. Contraception, 73(5), 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005.12.007
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2009). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit Internet material and sexual satisfaction: A longitudinal study. Human Communication Research, 35(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01343.x
Schinke, S. P., Forgey, M. A., & Orlandi, M. (1996). Teenage sexuality. In M. A. Mattaini & B. A. Thyer (Eds.), Finding solutions to social problems: Behavioral strategies for change (pp. 267–288). American Psychological Associationm. https://doi.org/10.1037/10217-010
Schnall, E. (2006). Multicultural counseling and the Orthodox Jew. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(3), 276–282.
Sciberras, R., & Tanner, C. (2023). ‘Sex is so much more than penis in vagina’: Sexuality education, pleasure and ethical erotics on Instagram. Sexuality Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2023.2199976
Sikand, A., Fisher, M., & Friedman, S. B. (1996). AIDS knowledge, concerns, and behavioral changes among inner-city high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 18(5), 325–328.
Simon, L., & Daneback, K. (2013). Adolescents’ use of the internet for sexuality education: A thematic and critical review of the literature. International Journal of Sexual Health, 25(4), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2013.823899
Sinai, M., & Shehade, F. M. (2019). Let’s (not) talk about sex: Challenges in integrating sex education in traditional Arabic Society in Israel. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 41(3), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9355-x
To, S., Ngai, S. S., & Iu Kan, S. (2012). Direct and mediating effects of accessing sexually explicit online materials on Hong Kong adolescents’ attitude, knowledge, and behavior relating to sex. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(11), 2156–2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.07.019
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). Why comprehensive sexuality education is important. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/news/whycomprehensive-sexuality-education-important
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach. Retrieved from https://unesdoc-unesco-org.ezlibrary.technion.ac.il/ark:/48223/pf0000260770
Valkenburg, P. M., Piotrowski, J. T., Hermanns, J., & De Leeuw, R. (2013). Developing and validating the perceived parental media mediation scale: A self-determination perspective. Human Communication Research, 39(4), 445–469.
Van Clief, L., & Anemaat, E. (2020). Good sex matters: Pleasure as a driver of online sexuality education for young people. Gates Open Research, 3, 1480. https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13003.2
Wright, P. J., Herbenick, D., & Paul, B. (2020). Adolescent condom use, parent-adolescent sexual health communication, and pornography: Findings from a US probability sample. Health Communication, 35(13), 1576–1582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1652392
Zhu, C., Xu, X., Zhang, W., Chen, J., & Evans, R. (2020). How health communication via Tik Tok makes a difference: A content analysis of Tik Tok accounts run by Chinese provincial health committees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010192
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 2.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dolev-Cohen, M., Brief, L. & Cuccì, G. #Sexuality: Sexuality Education Content in TikTok Israel Videos. Sexuality & Culture 28, 1133–1151 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10170-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10170-3