Abstract
This article analyzes a content-based market position that developed during the mid-1960s, situated in-between the pornographic and the accepted. By studying Swedish men’s magazines and sex films from the time period, the argument is made that these media products profited from both the advantages of pornography, i.e., more or less sexual explicit images, and the advantages of the accepted, i.e., common distribution channels, the possibility of having regular advertising and placards and being sold in ordinary kiosks (for magazines) and shown at ordinary cinemas (for films). For some years, this balancing act between the accepted and the pornographic was maintained, and the genre became enormously popular. From the mid-1970s onward, however, the division between pornography and accepted media became more clear-cut. The critique against pornography and the in-between media products intensified, and the uncertainty about pornography’s future role after the legalization in 1971 was followed by new ways of separating the pornographic from the accepted. While there were some differences between the two media formats, such as their degree of internationalization and the importance of advertising, they shared much in terms of content formulas and used the same female actors and models. It is argued that both formal regulations and the informal norms of gender and sexuality at the time and their change throughout the 1970s are key for understanding the development and the disappearance of the in-between genre.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Andrews refers to Schaefer (2002).
We understand institutions as “rules of the game,” North (1990, p. 4).
Bernow and Österman (1978: 85) did a similar estimation by analyzing four issues every fifth year 1925–1975 with a slightly different result (Lektyr ca 12, 14, 16% ads and Fib Aktuellt ca 11, 21, 12 % ads for the years 1965, 1970, 1975). Since the estimation of ad volumes made for this article is based on a broader material covering all years in the period, Bernow and Österman’s figures will not be used here. The differences thus further call for more research to be done in this matter.
A brief inquiry into the question with somewhat more advanced quantitative methods confirmed the positive relationship between ad volumes and circulation. Also that this was stronger in the beginning of the period was confirmed. However, further quantitative analysis is beyond the scope of this article.
Later, Fib Aktuellt also tried telephone sex as a gimmick where readers could call Marie Forså from the film Bel Ami (Mac Ahlberg 1976) (Hebditch and Anning 1988: 164–165).
References
Unpublished sources
Tidningsstatistik AB, historical circulation figures for Fib Aktuellt and Lektyr.
Printed sources
Government bill, Prop. 1970: 125.
Commission of Inquiry on Sex Crime Law (Sexualbrottsutredningen), Sexuella övergrepp: Förslag till ny lydelse av brottsbalkens bestämmelser om sedlighetsbrott, SOU 1976:9.
Svensk författningssamling (SFS) 1949: 105 Kungl. Maj:ts kungörelse angående beslutad ny tryckfrihetsförordning.
Magazines
Fib Aktuellt 1965–1975.
Lektyr 1965–1975.
Films
Around the World with Fanny Hill (Jorden runt med Fanny Hill, Mac Ahlberg, 1973/1975).
Do You Believe in Swedish Sin (Som hon bäddar får han ligga, Gunnar Höglund, 1970).
Exposed (Exponerad, Gustav Wiklund, 1971).
Fear has 1000 Eyes (Skräcken har 1000 ögon, Torgny Wickman, 1970).
Flossie (Mac Ahlberg, 1974).
I, a Woman (Jag—en kvinna, Mac Ahlberg, 1965).
Inga (Jag—en oskuld, Joe Sarno, 1968).
Justine & Juliette (Mac Ahlberg, 1975).
Swedish and Underage (Eva—den utstötta, Torgny Wickman, 1969).
Swedish Nymphet (Anita—ur en tonårsflickas dagbok, Torgny Wickman, 1973).
The Language of Love (Ur kärlekens språk, Torgny Wickman, 1969).
The Lustful Vicar (Kyrkoherden, Torgny Wickman, 1970).
The Second Coming of Eva (Porr skandalskolan, Mac Ahlberg, 1974).
Thriller—a cruel picture (Thriller—en grym film, Bo A Vibenius, 1974).
Literature
Åberg, A. W. (2010). The reception of Vilgot Sjöman’s curious films. In M. Larsson & A. Marklund (Eds.), Swedish film: An introduction and reader (pp. 243–255). Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Andrews, D. (2006). Soft in the middle: The contemporary softcore feature in its contexts. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Arnberg, K. (2009). Synd på export. 1960-talets pornografiska press och den svenska synden. Historisk tidskrift, 129(3), 467–486.
Arnberg, K. (2010). Motsättningarnas marknad: den pornografiska pressens kommersiella genombrott och regleringen av pornografi i Sverige 1950–1980, diss. Umeå/Lund: Sekel.
Arnberg, K. (2012). Under the counter, under the radar? The business and regulation of the Pornographic Press in Sweden 1950–1971. Enterprise & Society, 13(2), 350–377.
Bernow, R., & Österman, T. (1978). Svensk veckopress 1920–1975. Stockholm: Forskningsgruppen för samhälls-och informationsstudier.
Bjurman, L. (1965). Pop och pornografi. Ord & Bild, 3, 261–267.
Björklund, E. (2012). The most delicate subject: A history of sex education films in Sweden, diss. Lund: Lund University.
Dines, G. (1998). Dirty business: Playboy magazine and the mainstreaming of pornography. In G. Dines, R. J. Jensen, & A. Russo (Eds.), Pornography: The production and consumption of inequality. New York: Routledge.
Glover, N., & Marklund, C. (2009). Arabian nights in the midnight sun? Exploring the temporal structure of sexual geographies. Historisk tidskrift, 129(3), 487–510.
Gustafsson, K. E. (2002). I datorernas värld (efter 1975). In Engblom et al. (Ed.), Den svenska pressens historia IV: Bland andra massmedier (efter 1945), Stockholm: Ekerlids förlag.
Gustafsson, T., & Larsson, M. (2009). Porren inför lagen. Två fallstudier angående den officiella attityden till offentligt visad pornografisk film 1921 och 1971. Historisk tidskrift, 129(3), 445–465.
Hebditch, D., & Anning, N. (1988). Porn gold: Inside the pornography industry. London: Faber & Faber.
Hedling, O., & Larsson, M. (2010). National boundaries: Notes on the pornographic film in 1970s Sweden. In S. Arslan, et al. (Eds.), Media, culture and identity in Europe. Istanbul: Bahcesehir University Press.
Hedling, E. (2008). Breaking the Swedish sex barrier: Painful lustfulness in Ingmar Bergman’s The Silence. Film International, 6, 17–26.
Hirdman, A. (2001). Tilltalande bilder: Genus, sexualitet och publiksyn i Veckorevyn och Fib aktuellt. Stockholm: Atlas.
Hoffman, B. (2010). ‘A Certain Amount of Prudishness’: Nudist Magazines and the Liberalization of American Obscenity Law, 1947–58. Gender and History, 22(3), 708–732.
Holmberg, C.-G., Oscarsson, I., & Rydén, P. (1983). En svensk presshistoria. Stockholm: Esselte Studium.
Holmberg, J. (2010). Censorship in Sweden. In M. Larsson & A. Marklund (Eds.), Swedish film: An introduction and reader. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Isaksson, E. (2007). Kvinnokamp: synen på underordning och motstånd i den nya kvinnorörelsen. Stockholm: Atlas.
Jonsson, S. (2002). Tv förändrar världen (1958–1975). In Engblom et.al. (Eds.) Den svenska pressens historia IV: Bland andra massmedier (efter 1945). Stockholm: Ekerlids förlag.
Juffer, J. (1998). At home with pornography: Women, sex, and everyday life. New York: New York University Press.
Kendrick, W. M. (1996[1987]). The secret museum: pornography in modern culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Larsson, L. (1989). En annan historia: om kvinnors läsning och svensk veckopress. Stockholm: Symposion.
Larsson, M. (2008). Långt ner i 1973: kvinnlig njutning enligt kvinnorörelsen och porrfilmen. In M. Cronqvist, et al. (Eds.), 1973: en träff med tidsandan. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Larsson, M. (2010a). ‘Vem behöver den här yttrandefriheten?’ Om filmcensur och rörliga bilders farlighet. In S. Johnsdotter & A. Carlbom (Eds.), Goda sanningar: Debattklimatet och den kritiska forskningens villkor. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Larsson, M. (2010b). Drawing the Line: Generic boundaries of the pornographic film in early 1970s Sweden. In Conference proceedings from NorLit conference, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press.
Larsson, M. (2010c). Practice Makes Perfect? The Production of the Swedish Sex Film in the 1970s. Film International special issue Making Movies in Europe, no 6.
Larsson, M. (2003). Bonniers—en mediefamilj. Å & Å—Drömfabriken: Från fiction till fakta 1906–1990. Stockholm: Bonniers Förlag.
Lennerhed, L. (1989). Fäbodjäntan och hennes systrar. In L. Åhlander (Ed.), Svensk filmografi. 7, 1970–1979. Stockholm: Norstedts.
Lennerhed, L. (1994). Frihet att njuta: Sexualdebatten på 1960-talet. Stockholm: Norstedts.
Nestius, H. (1982). I last och lust: sexuella bilder förr och nu. Stockholm: Prisma/RFSU.
North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pitzulo, C. (2008). The battle in every man’s bed: Playboy and the fiery feminists. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 17(2), 259–289.
Schaefer, E. (2002). Gauging a revolution: 16 mm Film and the rise of the pornographic feature. Cinema Journal, 41, 3.
Sender, K. (2003). Sex sells: Sex, class, and taste in commercial gay and lesbian media. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 9(3), 331–365.
Stevenson, J. (2010). Scandinavian blue: The erotic cinema of Sweden and Denmark in the 1960s and 1970s. Jefferson: Mcfarland.
Svensk filmografi 7: 1970–1979. Stockholm: Norstedts.
Williams, L. (2008). Screening sex. Durham: Duke University Press.
Williams, L. (1989). Hard core: Power, pleasure, and the “frenzy of the visible”. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wyatt, J. (1994). High concept: Movies and marketing in Hollywood. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arnberg, K., Larsson, M. Benefits of the In-Between: Swedish Men’s Magazines and Sex Films 1965–1975. Sexuality & Culture 18, 310–330 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9199-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9199-9