Skip to main content
Log in

Stepping Off Stage: Towards a More Reflexive Blackness

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Journal of African American Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to sincerely pursue an inclusive African American humanity, we must recognize and respond to the complex intersections of subordination and privilege within the broad social, cultural, and physiological domain that is Blackness—the physical marker of African American existence within the United States. This paper represents an attempt to reflexively consider my own Blackness and the privileges contained therein. Sexuality, class and gender are among the subject positions that I consider in this effort.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A complete inclusion of the totality of this work would unreasonably lengthen this paper.

References

  • Akbar, N. (1991). Visions for black men. Tallahassee, FL: Mind Productions and Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. (1998). Bayard rustin: Troubles I’ve seen. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barret, L. (1997). Black men in the mix: Badboys, heroes, sequins and Dennis Rodman. Callaloo, 20(1), 106–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baruti, M. (2003). Homosexuality and the effeminization of afrikan males (Paperback). Atlanta: Akoben House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, B., & Garner, T. (2001). Can you dig it? Audiences, archetypes, and John Shaft. The Howard Journal of Communications, 12, 137–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, J. C., & Peery, P. (1970). Is the black male castrated? In T. C. Bambara (Ed.) The black woman: An anthology. New York: Washington Square Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostic, R. W., & Martin, R. W. (2003). Black home-owners as a gentrifying force? Neighbourhood dynamics in the context of minority home-ownership. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2427–2449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, H., & Allen, R. L. (Eds.) (1996). In Brotherman: The odyssey of black men in America—an anthology. New York: Ballantine Books.

  • Boykin, K. (1997). One more river to cross: Black & gay in America. New York: Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boykin, K. (2005). Beyond the down low: Sex, lies, and denial in black. America. New York: Carrol and Graf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browder, B. S., & Hunter, K. (2005). On the up and up: A survival guide for women living with men on the down low. New York: Kensington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, R. P., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (Eds.) (2001). In Traps: African American men on gender and sexuality. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

  • Carbado, D. (Ed.) (1999a). In Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader. New York: New York University Press.

  • Carbado, D. (1999b). Epilogue: Straight out of the closet: Men, feminism, and male heterosexual privilege. In D. Carbado (Ed.) Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, S. (1991). Reflections of an affirmative action baby. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleaver, E. (1991). Soul on ice. New York: Dell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (1998). Fighting words: Black women and the search for justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2006). From Black power to hip hop: Racism, nationalism, and feminism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cose, E. (1993). The rage of a privileged class: Why do prosperous blacks still have the blues?. New York: Harper Perennial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cose, E. (1996). A man’s world: How real is male privilege and how high is its price?. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cose, E. (2003). The envy of the world: On being a black man in America. New York: Washington Square Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyson, M. E. (2005). Is Bill Cosby right?: Or has the Black middle class lost its mind?. New York: Basic Civitas Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epprecht, M. (2005). Black skin, ’cowboy’ masculinity: A genealogy of homophobis in the African nationalist movement in Zimbabwe to 1983. Culture, Healthy & Sexuality, 7(3), 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, F. A., Rupert, F. A., Nevels, H., & Lemeh, C. A. (1991). Condemnation of homosexuality in the black community: A gender-specific phenomenon? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20(6), 579–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullilove, M. T., & Fullilove, R. E. (1999). Stigma as an Obstacle to AIDS Action. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1113–11125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddings, P. (1984). When and where I enter: The impact of Black women on race and sex in America. New York: Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, M. (1995). Saving our sons: Raising Black children in a turbulent world. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, M. (2004). Don’t play in the sun: One woman’s journey through the color complex. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. (2000). Our kind of people: Inside America’s Black upper class. New York: Harper Perennial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, H. (1995). Black masculinity and visual culture. African American Review, 18(2), 401–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy-Sheftall, B. (Ed.) (1995). Words of fire: An anthology of african american feminist thought. New York: The New Press.

  • Guy-Sheftall, B. (2006). Remembering our feminist forefathers. In A. D. Mutua (Ed.) Progressive black masculinities (pp. pp. 43–53). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1992). What is this "Black" in black popular culture? In G. Dent (Ed.) Black popular culture. Seattle: Bay Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. (1993). Clowns, buffoons, and gladiators: Media portrayals of African American men. Journal of Men’s Studies, 1(2), 239–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, P. B. (1991). Eloquence and epitaph: Black nationalism and the homophobic impulse in responses to the death of Max Robinson. Social Text, 8(3), 68–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, P. B. (1996). Are we not men?: Masculine identity and the problem of african american identity. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, M. (2002). He is a bad mother*$%@!#: Shaft and contemporary black masculinity. Journal of Popular Film and Television and Culture, 30(2), 114–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G., & Capitanio, J. (1995). Black hetersexuals’ attitudes towards lesbian and gay men in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 32, 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I a woman: Black women and feminism. Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooks, B. (2000). Where we stand: Class matters. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooks, B. (2004). We real cool: Black men and masculinity. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, G. T., & Bell-Scott, P. (Eds.) (1982). In All the women are white, all the blacks are men, but some of us are brave; black women’s studies. New York: The Feminist Press.

  • Hutchinson, E. O. (1999). My gay problem, your black problem. In D. Carbado (Ed.) Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, J. (1999). Shadowboxing: Representations of black feminist politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). Shifting: The double lives of black women in America. New York: Harper-Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. L. (2004). One the down low: A journey into the lives of "straight" black men who sleep with men. New York: Broadway.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. L. (2006). Coming up from the down low: The journey to acceptance, healing, and honest love. New York: Three Rivers Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. L. (2007). Products, from http://jlking.net/products.html

  • Kunjufu, J. (1985). Countering the conspiracy to destroy black boys. Chicago: African American Images.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemelle, A., & Battle, J. (2004). Black masculinity matters in attitudes toward gay males. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(1), 39–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyotard, J. F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhubuti, H. (1987). Were corners made for Black men to stand on? The BlackScholar, 18, 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhubuti, H. (1990). Black men: Obselete, single, dangerous?. Chicago: Third World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majors, R., & Billson, J. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of black manhood in America. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbiti, J. (1991). Introduction to African philosophy. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, D. (2000). Can the queen speak? Racial essentialism, sexuality and the problem of authority. In D. Constantine-Sims (Ed.) The great taboo: Homosexuality in black communities. Los Angeles: Alyson Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, P. (2001). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In P. S. Rothenberg (Ed.) Race, class and gender in the United States. New York: Worth Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutua, A. D. (Ed.) (2006). In Progressive black masculinities. New York: Routledge.

  • Neal, M. A. (2005). New black man. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noguera, P. (1997). Reconsidering the "crisis" on the black male in America. Social Justice, 24(2), 147–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ongiri, A. A. (1997). We are family black nationalism, black masculinity, and the black gay cultural imagination. College Literature, 24(1), 280–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, H. (1997). ’Black Male’ imagery and media containment of african american men. American Anthropologist, 99(1), 99–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parham, T., & McDavis, R. (1987). Black men, an endangered species: Who’s really pulling the trigger? Journal of Counseling & Development, 66(1), 24–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pattillo, M. E. (1998). Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a black middle-class neighborhood. Social Forces, 76(3), 747–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patillo, M. (2005). Black middle-class neighborhoods. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 305–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patillo-McCoy, M. (1999). Black picket fences: Privilege and peril among the black middle class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D. F. (1994). The black man: Health issues and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Black Studies, 25(1), 81–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. (2005). Deconstructing "Down Low" discourse: The politics of sexuality, gender, race, AIDS, and anxiety. Journal of African American Studies, 9(2), 3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulson-Bryant, S. (2005). Hung: A meditation on the measure of black men in America. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, K. (2003). Who’s gonna take the weight. New York: Three Rivers Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid-Pharr, R. (2001). Black gay man: Essays. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. B. (2000). Camping the dirty dozens: The queer resources of black nationalist invective. Callaloo, 23(1), 290–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, K., Wilson, M., & Hall, R. (1992). The color complex: The politics of skin color among African Americans. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staples, R. (1987). Black male genocide: A final solution to the race problem in America. The Black Scholar, 18, 2–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, J. P., & Pearson, J. L. (1998). Homophobia, self-esteem, and risk for HIV among african american men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 278–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, M. (2003). Manliness and its discontents: The black middle class and the transformation of masculinity, 1900–1930. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatum, B. (2001). Defining racism: "Can we talk?". In P. S. Rothenberg (Ed.) Race, class and gender in the United States. New York: Worth Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor-Gibbs, J. (1988). The black male as endangered species. New York: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. (1992). Can you go home again? Black gentrification and the dilemma of difference. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 37, 121–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, M. B. (1987). The Black male shortage in Los Angeles. Sociology and Social Research, 71(3), 221–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M. (1990). Black macho and the myth of superwoman. New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M. (1992). Boyz N the Hood and Jungle Fever. In G. Dent (Ed.) Black popular culture. Seattle: Bay Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsing, F. (1994). The Isis papers: The keys to the colors. Chicago: Third World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. (2005). Deliverance from the down low: Deliverance for men who sleep with men, but profess to be straight. Nashville: ACW Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the reviewers for their comments. Additionally the author wishes to thank Max Spencer, Teidra Williams, Cameron Herman, Kaniqua Robinson, Demarcus McCarthy and Tony Graddick for their editorial assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonathan Gayles.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gayles, J. Stepping Off Stage: Towards a More Reflexive Blackness. J Afr Am St 12, 180–192 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-008-9037-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-008-9037-6

Keywords

Navigation