Abstract
The life journey of an Indian pediatric cardiologist, who bestowed considerable attention to the development of new knowledge and train/teach physicians around the world while providing care of patients with heart disease over a 45-y period, is reviewed. This appraisal focuses particular attention on the scientific contributions to the literature. These include spontaneous closure of physiologically advantageous ventricular septal defects, various issues related to a congenital heart defect namely, tricuspid atresia and transcatheter and, interventional pediatric cardiac procedures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rao PS. Prevention of heart disease in infants and children. Current problems in pediatrics, vol. 7. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publisher, Inc.; 1977.
Rao PS, Sissman NJ. Spontaneous closure of physiologically advantageous ventricular septal defects. Circulation. 1971;43:83–90.
Rao PS. Left ventricular obstruction in double outlet right ventricle (letter). Am Heart J. 1972;83:289–90.
Rao PS, Linde LM, Liebman J, Perrin E. Functional closure of physiologically advantageous ventricular septal defects: observations in three cases with tricuspid atresia. Am J Dis Child. 1974;127:36–40.
Rao PS. Natural history of the ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia and its surgical implications. Br Heart J. 1977;39:276–88.
Rao PS. Natural history of the ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia. Chapter 14. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS. The ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia: its natural history and surgical importance. King Faisal Spec Hosp Med J. 1983;3:31–42.
Rao PS. Further observations on the spontaneous closure of physiologically advantageous ventricular septal defects in tricuspid atresia with special emphasis on the surgical implications. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983;35:121–31.
Rao PS. Physiologically advantageous ventricular septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol. 1983;4:59–62.
Rao PS. Natural history of the ventricular septal defects in tricuspid atresia. Chapter 15. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd edition. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Rao PS. Subaortic obstruction after pulmonary artery banding in patients with tricuspid atresia and double-inlet left ventricle and ventriculoarterial discordance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:1585–6.
Rao PS. Spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol. 1992;13:190–1.
Rao PS. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. In: Long WA, editor. Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1990. p. 525–40.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia: anatomy, imaging and natural history. In: Freedom R, editor. Atlas of Heart Disease: Congenital Heart Disease. Philadelphia: Current Medicine; 1997. p. 14.0–4.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. In: Moller JH, Hoffman JIE, editors. Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 421–41.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. Current treatment options. Cardiovasc Med. 2000;2:507–20.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. Chapter 35. In: Moller JH, Hoffman JIE, editors. Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell/A John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2012. p. 487–508.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. In: Vijayalakshmi IB, Rao PS, Chugh R, editors. A Comprehensive Approach to Management of Congenital Heart Diseases. New Delhi: Jaypee Publications; 2013. p. 397–413.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. In: Rao PS, Vidyasagar D, editors. Perinatal Cardiology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Minneapolis: Cardiotext Publishing; 2015.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia. In: Gupta P, PSN M, Ramji S, Lodha R, editors. PG Textbook of Pediatrics. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.; 2015. p. 1861–70.
Rao PS. A unified classification of tricuspid atresia. Am Heart J. 1980;99:799–804.
Rao PS. Classification of tricuspid atresia. Chapter 5. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS. Classification of tricuspid atresia. Chapter 5. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Rao PS, Jue KL, Isabel-Jones J, Ruttenberg HD. Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve with atresia. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32:1004–9.
Rao PS. Imperforate Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Br Heart J. 1976;38:1108.
Rao PS. Atrioventricular canal mimicking tricuspid atresia: echocardiographic & angiographic features. Br Heart J. 1987;58:409–12.
Rao PS. Tricuspid atresia with common arterial trunk. Int J Cardiol. 1991;30:367–8.
Rao PS, Levy J, Nikicicz E, Gilbert-Barness EF. Tricuspid atresia: association with persistent truncus arteriosus - a review. Am Heart J. 1991;122:829–35.
Rao PS. Terminology: tricuspid atresia or univentricular heart. Chapter 1. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS. Is the term "tricuspid atresia" appropriate? (editorial). Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:1251–4.
Rao PS. Terminology: is tricuspid atresia the correct term to use? Chapter 1. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Rao PS. Demographic features of tricuspid atresia. Chapter 3. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS. Demographic features of tricuspid atresia. Chapter 3. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Kulangara RJ, Boineau JP, Moore HV, Rao PS. Ventricular activation and genesis of QRS in tricuspid atresia. Circulation. 1982;64:VI-225.
Kulangara RJ, Boineau JP, Rao PS. Electrovectorcardiographic features of tricuspid atresia. Chapter 9. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS, Kulangara RJ, Boineau JP, Moore HV. Electrovectorcardiographic features of tricuspid atresia. Chapter 9. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Covitz W, Rao PS. Non-invasive evaluation of patients with tricuspid atresia (Roentgenography, echocardiography, and nuclear angiography). Chapter 10. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Covitz W, Rao PS. Non-invasive evaluation of patients with tricuspid atresia (Roentgenography, echocardiography, and nuclear angiography). Chapter 10. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Rao PS. Left-to-right atrial shunts in tricuspid atresia. Br Heart J. 1983;49:345–9.
Rao PS, Covitz W, Moore HV. Principles of palliative management of patients with tricuspid atresia. Chapter 15. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1982.
Rao PS, Covitz W, Chopra PS. Principles of palliative management of patients with tricuspid atresia. Chapter 16. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Chopra PS, Rao PS. Corrective surgery for tricuspid atresia: which modifications of Fontan-Kreutzer procedure should be used? A review. Am Heart J. 1992;123:758–67.
Rao PS, Chopra PS. Modification of Fontan-Kreutzer procedures for tricuspid atresia: can a choice be made? Chapter 19. In: Rao PS, editor. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco: Futura Publishing Co.; 1992.
Rao PS. Fontan operation: indications, short and long term outcomes. Indian J Pediatr. 2015;82:1147–56.
Rao PS, Sissman NJ. The relationship of pulmonary venous wedge to pulmonary arterial pressures. Circulation. 1971;44:565–94.
Rao PS. The femoral route for cardiac catheterization in infants and children. Chest. 1973;63:239–41.
Rao PS, Awa S, Linde LM. Role of kinetic energy in pulmonary valvar pressure gradients. Circulation. 1973;48:65–73.
Rao PS, Linde LM. Pressure and energy in cardiovascular chambers. Chest. 1974;66:176–8.
Rao PS. Value of pulmonary vein wedge angiography in visualization of obstructed ipsilateral pulmonary artery. Cardiovasc Radiol. 1978;1:151–2.
Rao PS, Thapar MK, Strong WB. Non-opacification of patent ductus arteriosus in patients with large ventricular septal defects. Angiology. 1978;29:888–97.
Rao PS. Descending aortography with balloon inflation: a technique for evaluation of the size of the patent ductus arteriosus in infants with large proximal left-to-right shunts. Br Heart J. 1985;54:527–32.
Rao PS, Mardini MK. Pulmonary valvotomy without thoracotomy: the experience with percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Ann Saudi Med. 1985;5:149–54.
Rao PS. Transcatheter treatment of pulmonic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta: the experience with percutaneous balloon dilatation. Br Heart J. 1986;56:250–8.
Rao PS, Mardini MK, Najjar H. Relief of coarctation of the aorta without thoracotomy: the experience with percutaneous balloon angioplasty. Ann Saudi Med. 1986;6:193–202.
Rao PS. Transcatheter management of heart disease in infants and children. Pediatr Rev Commun. 1987;1:1–18.
Rao PS. Medical progress: balloon valvuloplasty and angioplasty in infants and children. J Pediatr. 1989;114:907–14.
Rao PS. Causes of restenosis following balloon angioplasty/valvuloplasty: a review. Pediatr Rev Commun. 1990;4:157–72.
Rao PS. Balloon valvuloplasty and angioplasty of stenotic lesions of the heart and great vessels in children. In: Barness LA, DeVivo DC, Morrow III G, Oski F, Rudolph AM, editors. Advances in Pediatrics, vol. 37. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc.; 1990. p. 33–76.
Rao PS, Chopra PS. Role of balloon angioplasty in the treatment of aortic coarctation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:621–31.
Rao PS. Transcatheter treatment of pulmonary outflow tract obstruction: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1992;35:119–58.
Rao PS. Should balloon angioplasty be used instead of surgery for native aortic coarctation? (editorial). Br Heart J. 1995;74:578–9.
Rao PS. Interventional pediatric cardiology: state of the art and future directions. Pediatr Cardiol. 1998;19:107–24.
Rao PS. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. J Interv Cardiol. 1998;11:303–18.
Rao PS. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty. J Interv Cardiol. 1998;11:319–29.
Rao PS. Long-term follow-up results after balloon dilatation of pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1999;42:59–74.
Rao PS. Stents in the management of congenital heart disease in the pediatric and adult patients. Indian Heart J. 2001;53:714–30.
Rao PS. Expanding application of devices in congenital heart disease management. Cardiol Today. 2006;10:249–66.
Rao PS. Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: state of the art. Cath Cardiovasc Intervent. 2007;69:747–63.
Rao PS. Balloon angioplasty and valvuloplasty in infants, children and adolescents. In: Rao PS, editor. Current Problems in Cardiology, vol. 14. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc.; 1989. p. 417–500.
Rao PS. Transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiology. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.; 1993.
Rao PS, Kern MJ. Catheter based devices for treatment of noncoronary cardiovascular disease in adults and children. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
Rao PS, Fawzy ME, Solymar L, Mardini MK. Long-term results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Am Heart J. 1988;115:1291–6.
Rao PS, Galal O, Patnana M, Buck SH, Wilson AD. Results of three-to-ten-year follow-up of balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve. Heart. 1998;80:591–5.
Rao PS, Thapar MK, Kutayli F. Causes of restenosis following balloon valvuloplasty for valvar pulmonic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:979–82.
Rao PS, Galal O, Wilson AD. Feasibility and effectiveness of repeat balloon dilatation of restenosed obstructions following previous balloon valvuloplasty/angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1996;132:403–7.
Rao PS. Influence of balloon size on the short-term and long-term results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Tex Heart Inst J. 1987;14:57–61.
Rao PS. How big a balloon and how many balloons for pulmonary valvuloplasty (editorial). Am Heart J. 1988;116:577–80.
Rao PS. Further observations on the role of balloon size on the short-term and intermediate-term results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Br Heart J. 1988;60:507–11.
Rao PS. Late pulmonary insufficiency after balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve (letter). Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent. 2000;49:118–9.
Rao PS. Indications for balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (editorial). Am Heart J. 1988;116:1661–2.
Rao PS, Solymar L. Electrocardiographic changes following balloon dilatation of valvar pulmonic stenosis. J Interv Cardiol. 1988;1:189–97.
Rao PS. Value of echo-Doppler studies in the evaluation of the results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. J Cardiovasc Ultrason. 1986;5:309–12.
Rao PS, Fawzy ME. Double balloon technique for percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: comparison with single balloon technique. J Interv Cardiol. 1988;1:257–62.
Thapar MK, Rao PS. Significance of infundibular obstruction following balloon valvuloplasty for valvar pulmonic stenosis. Am Heart J. 1989;118:99–103.
Thapar MK, Rao PS. Use of propranolol for severe dynamic infundibular obstruction prior to balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn. 1990;19:240–1.
Rao PS. Right ventricular filling following balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Am Heart J. 1992;123:1084–6.
Rao PS. Balloon dilatation in infants and children with dysplastic pulmonary valves: short-term and intermediate-term results. Am Heart J. 1988;116:1168–73.
Rao PS. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for complex cyanotic heart defects. Presented at the Pediatric Cardiology, International Congress, Vienna. 21–25 February 1987.
Rao PS, Brais M. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for congenital cyanotic heart defects. Am Heart J. 1988;115:1105–10.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Thapar MK, Brais M. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in the management of cyanotic congenital heart defects. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn. 1992;25:16–24.
Rao PS. Transcatheter management of cyanotic congenital heart defects: a review. Clin Cardiol. 1992;15:483–96.
Rao PS. Pulmonary valve in cyanotic heart defects with pulmonary oligemia. In: Sievert H, Qureshi SA, Wilson N, Hijazi Z, editors. Percutaneous Interventions in Congenital Heart Disease. Oxford: Informa Health Care; 2007. p. 197–200.
Rao PS. Balloon angioplasty for coarctation of the aorta in infancy. J Pediatr. 1987;110:713–8.
Rao PS, Najjar HN, Mardini MK, Solymar L, Thapar MK. Balloon angioplasty for coarctation of the aorta: immediate and long-term results. Am Heart J. 1988;115:657–65.
Rao PS. Balloon angioplasty of aortic coarctation: a review. Clin Cardiol. 1989;12:618–28.
Rao PS, Thapar MK, Galal O, Wilson AD. Follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of native coarctation in neonates and infants. Am Heart J. 1990;120:1310–4.
Rao PS. Value of echo-Doppler studies in the evaluation of the results of balloon angioplasty of aortic coarctation. J Cardiovasc Ultrason. 1988;7:215–20.
Rao PS, Galal O, Smith PA, Wilson AD. Five-to-nine-year follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation in infants and children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:462–70.
Rao PS, Thapar MK, Kutayli F, Carey P. Causes of recoarctation following balloon angioplasty of unoperated aortic coarctations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:109–15.
Rao PS, Koscik R. Validation of risk factors in predicting recoarctation following initially successful balloon angioplasty for native aortic coarctation. Am Heart J. 1995;130:116–21.
Rao PS, Chopra PS, Koscik R, Smith PA, Wilson AD. Surgical versus balloon therapy for aortic coarctation in infants ≤3 months old. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1479–83.
Rao PS. Which aortic coarctations should we balloon-dilate? (editorial). Am Heart J. 1989;117:987–9.
Rao PS. Should balloon angioplasty be used as a treatment of choice for native aortic coarctations? J Invasive Cardiol. 1996;8:301–13.
Rao PS, Carey P. Remodeling of the aorta following successful balloon coarctation angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1312–7.
Rao PS, Waterman B. Relation of biophysical response of coarcted aortic segment to balloon dilatation with development of recoarctation following balloon angioplasty of native coarctation. Heart. 1998;79:407–11.
Salahuddin N, Wilson AD, Rao PS. An unusual presentation of coarctation of the aorta in infancy: role of balloon angioplasty in the critically ill infant. Am Heart J. 1991;122:1772–5.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Brazy J. Transumbilical balloon coarctation angioplasty in a neonate with critical aortic coarctation. Am Heart J. 1992;124:1622–4.
Rao PS, Singh GK, Balfour IC, Jureidini SB, Fiore A. Balloon angioplasty of long segment aortic coarctation in the neonate. J Invasive Cardiol. 1999;11:734–8.
Rao PS. Current status of balloon angioplasty for neonatal and infant aortic coarctation. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2001;14:35–44.
Rao PS, Jureidini SB, Balfour IC, Singh GK, Chen SC. Severe aortic coarctation in infants less than 3 months: successful palliation by balloon angioplasty. J Invasive Cardiol. 2003;15:202–8.
Rao PS. Transcatheter interventions in critically ill neonates and infants with aortic coarctation (editorial). Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;2:116–9.
Rao PS. Stents in the management of aortic coarctation in young children (editorial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;2:884–6.
Doshi AR, Rao PS. Coarctation of aorta-management options and decision making. Pediatr Therap. 2012;S5:006.
Rao PS. Future directions in the management of aortic coarctation in young patients. Pediatr Therap. 2014;4:e125.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Chopra PS. Immediate and follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of postoperative recoarctation in infants and children. Am Heart J. 1990;120:1315–20.
Siblini G, Rao PS, Nouri S, Ferdman B, Jureidini SB, Wilson AD. Long-term follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of postoperative aortic recoarctation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:61–7.
Rao PS, Thapar MK, Wilson AD, Levy JM, Chopra PS. Intermediate-term follow-up results of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in infants and children with special reference to causes of restenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:1356–60.
Rao PS. Comparison of single and double balloon valvuloplasty in children with aortic stenosis (letter). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:1216–7.
Rao PS. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty: a review. Clin Cardiol. 1990;13:458–66.
Galal O, Rao PS, Al-Fadley F, Wilson AD. Follow-up results of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in children with special reference to causes of late aortic insufficiency. Am Heart J. 1997;113:418–27.
Chopra PS, Rao PS. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in children (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 1999;11:277–9.
Agu NC, Rao PS. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Pediatr Therap. 2012;S5:004.
Rao PS, Jureidini SB. Transumbilical venous anterograde, snare-assisted balloon aortic valvuloplasty in a neonate with critical aortic stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998;45:144–8.
Rao PS. Anterograde transumbilical venous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (letter). Cath Cardiovasc Intervent. 2002;56:439.
Rao PS. Anterograde balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the neonate via the umbilical vein (letter). Cath Cardiovasc Intervent. 2003;59:291–2.
Rao PS. Role of interventional cardiology in neonates: part II - balloon angioplasty/ valvuloplasty. Neonatol Today. 2007;2:1–12.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Chopra PS. Balloon dilatation for discrete subaortic stenosis: immediate and intermediate-term results. J Invasive Cardiol. 1990;2:65–71.
Rao PS, Levy JM, Chopra PS. Balloon angioplasty of stenosed Blalock-Taussig anastomosis: role of balloon on a wire in dilating occluded shunts. Am Heart J. 1990;120:1173–8.
Rao PS. Balloon dilatation of supravalvar pulmonary stenosis after arterial switch procedure for complete transposition (letter). Br Heart J. 1992;67:204–5.
Rao PS, Wilson AD. Chylothorax, an unusual complication of baffle obstruction following mustard operation: successful treatment with balloon angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1992;123:244–8.
Rao PS. Static balloon dilation of restrictive atrial septal defects (editorial). J Saudi Heart Assoc. 1992;4:55–8.
Rao PS. Static balloon dilation of the atrial septum (editorial). Am Heart J. 1993;125:1824–7.
Rao PS. Static balloon dilatation of the atrial septum (letter). Pediatr Cardiol. 1996;17:349–50.
Rao PS. Role of interventional cardiology in neonates: part I. Non-surgical atrial septostomy. Neonatol Today. 2007;2:9–14.
Rao PS. Balloon dilatation of stenotic bioprosthetic valves. In: Rao PS, editor. Transcatheter Therapy in Pediatric Cardiology. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.; 1993. p. 255–74.
Lee HY, Rao PS. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for Takayasu's arteritis. Am Heart J. 1996;132:1084–6.
Siblini G, Rao PS, Singh GK, Tinker K, Balfour IC. Transcatheter management of neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn. 1997;42:395–402.
Lee HY, Reddy SCB, Rao PS. Evaluation of superficial femoral artery compromise and limb growth retardation following transfemoral artery balloon dilatations. Circulation. 1997;95:974–80.
Rao PS. History of transcatheter interventions in pediatric cardiology. In: Vijayalakshmi IB, editor. Cardiac Catheterization and Imaging (From Pediatrics to Geriatrics). New Delhi: Jaypee Publications; 2015. p. 3–20.
Rao PS, Sideris EB, Chopra PS. Catheter closure of atrial septal defect: successful use in a 3.6 kg infant. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1826–9.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Levy JM, Chopra PS. Role of "buttoned" double-disk device in the management of atrial septal defects. Am Heart J. 1992;123:191–200.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Chopra PS. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect by "buttoned" devices. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:1056–61.
Rao PS, Ende DJ, Wilson AD, Smith PA, Chopra PS. Follow-up results of transcatheter occlusion of atrial septal defect with buttoned device. Canad J Cardiol. 1995;11:695–701.
Sideris EB, Rao PS. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects: role of buttoned devices. J Invasive Cardiol. 1996;8:289–96.
Lloyd TR, Rao PS, Beekman RH III, Mendelsohn AM, Sideris EB. Atrial septal defect occlusion with the buttoned device: a multi-institutional U.S. trial. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:286–9.
Zamora R, Rao PS, Lloyd TR, Beekman RH, Sideris EB. Intermediate-term results of phase I FDA trials of buttoned device occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:674–6.
Rao PS, Sideris EB, Hausdorf G, et al. International experience with secundum atrial septal defect occlusion by the buttoned device. Am Heart J. 1994;128:1022–35.
Rao PS, Berger F, Rey C, et al. Results of transvenous occlusion of secundum atrial septal defects with 4th generation buttoned device: comparison with 1st, 2nd and 3rdgeneration devices. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:583–92.
Rao PS, Sideris EB. Centering-on-demand buttoned device: its role in transcatheter occlusion of atrial septal defects. J Interv Cardiol. 2001;14:81–9.
Rao PS, Chandar JS, Sideris EB. Role of inverted buttoned device in transcatheter occlusion of atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale with right-to-left shunting associated with previously operated complex congenital cardiac anomalies. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:914–21.
Rao PS. Buttoned device, chapter 3. In: Rao PS, Kern MJ, editors. Catheter Based Devices for Treatment of Noncoronary Cardiovascular Disease in Adults and Children. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
Ende DJ, Chopra PS, Rao PS. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale with the buttoned device for prevention of recurrence of paradoxic embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:233–6.
Rao PS, Palacios IF, Bach RG, Bitar SR, Sideris EB. Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome: management by transcatheter buttoned device implantation. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent. 2001;54:77–82.
Rao PS. Transcatheter management of platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16:583–4.
Rao PS, Langhough R. Relationship of echocardiographic, shunt flow, and angiographic size to the stretched diameter of the atrial septal defect. Am Heart J. 1991;122:505–8.
Rao PS, Langhough R, Beekman RH, Lloyd TR, Sideris EB. Echocardiographic estimation of balloon-stretched diameter of secundum atrial septal defects for transcatheter occlusion. Am Heart J. 1992;124:172–5.
Reddy SCB, Rao PS, Ewenko J, Koscik R, Wilson AD. Echocardiographic predictors of success of catheter closure of atrial septal defect with the buttoned device. Am Heart J. 1995;129:76–82.
Rao PS. Non-surgical closure of atrial septal defects in children. In: Larkin, SA, editor. Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects: Molecular Determinants, Impact of Environmental Factors and Non-Surgical Interventions. ISBN: 978-1-62618-326-1. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Softcover:https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=37672 Ebook:https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=40298 Web: www.novapublishers.com
Hartas GA, Balaguru D, Brown M, Rao PS. Intermediate follow-up results of Amplatzer device occlusion of secundum atrial septal defects. Poster Presentation at the 19th PICS-AICS 2015, Las Vegas, 2015.
Rao PS. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect: are we there yet? (editorial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1117–9.
Rao PS, Sideris EB. Buttoned device closure of the atrial septal defect. J Interv Cardiol. 1998;11:467–84.
Rao PS. Closure devices for atrial septal defect: which one to choose? (editorial). Indian Heart J. 1998;50:379–83.
Chopra PS, Rao PS. History of the development of atrial septal occlusion devices. Curr Intervent Cardiol Rep. 2000;2:63–9.
Zamora R, Rao PS, Sideris EB. Buttoned device for atrial septal defect occlusion. Curr Intervent Cardiol Rep. 2000;2:167–76.
Rao PS. Summary and comparison of atrial septal defect closure devices. Curr Intervent Cardiol Rep. 2000;2:367–76.
Rao PS. Catheter closure of atrial septal defects (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2003;15:398–400.
Nagm AM, Rao PS. Percutaneous occlusion of complex atrial septal defects (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16:123–5.
Rao PS. Techniques for closure of large atrial septal defects. Cath Cardiovasc Intervent. 2007;70:329–30.
Rao PS. Transcatheter closure of complex atrial septal defects (editorial). Echocardiography. 2014;31:1173–6.
Rao PS. Focus: atrial septal defects, structural heart disease in adults (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2009;21:A6–10.
Rao PS. When and how should atrial septal defects be closed in adults. J Invasive Cardiol. 2009;21:76–82.
Rao PS. Why, when and how should atrial septal defects be closed in adults. Chapter 8. In: Rao PS, editor. Atrial Septal Defect. ISBN 978-953-51-0531-2. Rijeka: InTech; 2012.
Rao PS, Wilson AD, Sideris EB, Chopra PS. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus with buttoned device: first successful clinical application in a child. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1799–802.
Rao PS, Sideris EB, Haddad J, Rey C, et al. Transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus with adjustable buttoned device: initial clinical experience. Circulation. 1993;88:1119–26.
Rao PS, Kim SH, Choi J, et al. Follow-up results of transvenous occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus with buttoned device. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:820–6.
Sideris EB, Rao PS. Buttoned device occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. Curr Intervent Cardiol Rep. 2001;3:71–9.
Sideris EB, Rao PS, Zamora R. The Sideris’ buttoned device for transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus. J Interv Cardiol. 2001;14:239–46.
Lochan R, Rao PS, Samal AK, Khanna AR, Mani GK, Grover DN. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus with an adjustable buttoned device in an adult patient. Am Heart J. 1994;127:941–3.
Rao PS, Kim SH, Rey C, Onorato E, Sideris EB. Results of transvenous buttoned device occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in adults. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:827–9.
Rao PS, Balfour IC, Chen S. Effectiveness of 5-loop coils to occlude patent ductus arteriosus. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1498–501.
Rao PS, Balfour IC, Jureidini SB, Singh GK, Chen S. Five-loop coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus prevents recurrence of shunt at follow-up. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent. 2000;50:202–6.
Gupta K, Rao PS. Severe intravascular hemolysis after transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. J Invasive Cardiol. 2005;17:E15–7.
Yarrabolu TR, Rao PS. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;S5:005. doi:10.4172/2161-0665.S5-005.
Yarrabolu TR, Rao PS. Intermediate and long term follow-up after patent ductus arteriosus closure using Amplatzer device. Poster Presentation at the 17th PICS-AICS 2013, Miami, 2013.
Rao PS. Which method to use for transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus? (editorial). Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;39:49–51.
Rao PS, Sideris EB. Transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus: state of the art. J Invasive Cardiol. 1996;8:278–88.
Rao PS. Transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus: which method to use and which ductus to close? (editorial). Am Heart J. 1996;132:905–9.
Rao PS. Coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2001;13:36–8.
Rao PS. Transcatheter closure of moderate-to-large patent ductus arteriosus(editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2001;13:303–6.
Rao PS. Summary and comparison of patent ductus arteriosus closure devices. Curr Intervent Cardiol Rep. 2001;3:268–74.
Rao PS. Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus: state of the art (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2007;19:299–302.
Rao PS. Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus — current status. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011;23:517–20.
Yates MC, Gautam NK, Rao PS. Reactive ductus arteriosus in a nineteen month old patient. Congenital Cardiol Today. 2015;13:1–6.
Rao PS, Wagman AJ, Chen S. Coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus with right aortic arch. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;52:79–82.
Sideris EB, Haddad J, Rao PS. The role of the ‘Sideris’ devices in the occlusion of ventricular septal defects. Curr Intervent Cardiol Rep. 2001;3:349–53.
Sideris EB, Macuil B, Justiniano S, Rao PS. Total percutaneous correction of tetralogy of Fallot variant with dominant pulmonary valve stenosis. Heart. 2005;91:345–7.
Rao PS. Perimembraneous ventricular septal defect closure with the Amplatzer device. (editorial). J Invasive Cardiol. 2008;20:217–8.
Rao PS, Bromberg BI, Jureidini SB, Fiore AC. Transcatheter occlusion of ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: innovative use of available technology. Cath Cardiovasc Intervent. 2003;58:130–4.
Siblini G, Rao PS. Coil embolization in the management of cardiac problems in children. J Invasive Cardiol. 1996;8:332–40.
Rao PS. Transcatheter embolization of unwanted blood vessels in children, chapter 45. In: Rao PS, Kern MJ, editors. Catheter Based Devices for Treatment of Noncoronary Cardiovascular Disease in Adults and Children. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
Jureidini SB, Spadaro JJ, Rao PS. Aortopulmonary window: successful transcatheter closure with buttoned device in an adult. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:371–2.
Rao PS. Stents in the treatment of aortic coarctation (editorial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1853–5.
Rao PS, Balfour IC, Singh GK, Jureidini SB, Chen S. Bridge stents in the management of obstructive vascular lesions in children. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:699–702.
Rao PS. Newer stents in the management of vascular stenoses in children, chapter 39. In: Rao PS, Kern MJ, editors. Catheter Based Devices for Treatment of Noncoronary Cardiovascular Disease in Adults and Children. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
Sahu R, Rao PS. Transcatheter stent therapy in children: an update. Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;S5:001. doi:10.4172/2161-0665.S5-001.
Rao PS. Stents in the management of heart disease in children (editorial). Pediatr Therapeut. 2013;3:e120.
Rao PS. Stents in the management of vascular obstructive lesions associated with congenital heart disease. In: Vijayalakshmi IB, editor. Cardiac Catheterization and Imaging (From Pediatrics to Geriatrics). New Delhi: Jaypee Publications; 2015. p. 573–98.
Tsounias E, Rao PS. Stent therapy for clotted Blalock-Taussig shunts. Congenital Cardiol Today. 2010;8:1–9.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank his mentors, Dr. (Mrs.) Lavanya Mukherjee, Dr. Herman W. Lipow, Dr. Norman J. Sissman, Dr. Jerome Liebman and Dr. Leonard M. Linde for their excellent teachings, his parents, Late P.V.B. Krishna Rao and Late P. Savithramma for their love, encouragement and support and his wife, Hymavathi, children, Dr. Vijay K. Patnana, Dr. Madhavi Patnana and Radhika Patnana and their spouses, Dr. Radha V. Patnana, Dr. Ravi K. Chundru and Joseph D. Rodrigo for their unconditional support. The body of the works is also dedicated to patients and their parents who kindly served as volunteer research subjects in many clinical trials cited in this paper as well as to their physicians, nurses and cardiologists for their courage and wisdom to persuade their patients to partake in the above quoted clinical trials. These individuals, through their kind efforts, fostered to create a knowledge base which forms a foundation of great significance for generations of patients to come in the future. The author also thank Dr. I.C. Verma and the trustees of the Dr. K. C. Chaudhuri Foundation for bestowing me the honor of Lifetime Achievement Award.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
None.
Source of Funding
None.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Syamasundar Rao, P. The Journey of an Indian Pediatric Cardiologist. Indian J Pediatr 84, 848–858 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2452-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2452-8