Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate the cardiovascular and endocrine effects of childhood obesity as well as prevalence of metabolic syndrome associated with it.
Methods
49 obese and overweight children aged between 6 and 11 years as study group and 45 healthy non-obese controls of same age were selected for the study. Both the groups were evaluated for height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum lipid fractions, insulin level, fasting and post-prandial blood glucose and C-reactive protein. Screening for metabolic syndrome was performed following most acceptable criteria.
Results
The study group children had significantly higher blood pressure, altered lipid fractions and high C-reactive Protein. Criteria-wise insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and low high density lipoprotein also were found at significantly higher rate among obese children. The metabolic syndrome existed at a high prevalence of 14.1% in the study group.
Conclusions
Obesity in childhood causes cardiovascular and endocrine dysregulation with onset of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome even in absence of significant evidence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in this age group.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Singh Y, Aggarwal R, Grewal K, Mani K. A study of growth parameters and prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children from Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2006;43:943–52.
Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Predictability of childhood adiposity and insulin for developing insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X) in young adulthood. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes. 2002;51:204–9.
Defining overweight and obesity. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 2004; available at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defing.htm.
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International Survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–3.
Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative sample of African-American, European-American and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2004;145:439–44.
Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Education & Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2485–97.
Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert T, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. New Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–74.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.
De Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–7.
He Q, Ding ZY, Fong DY, Karlberg J. Blood pressure is associated with body mass index in both normal and obese children. Hypertension. 2000;36:165–70.
Gupta AK, Ahmed AJ. Childhood obesity and hypertension. Indian Pediatr. 1990;27:333–7.
Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichtarowicz-Krynska E, Hindmarsh P. Prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:10–4.
Garcés C, Gutierrez-Guisado J, Benavente M, et al. Obesity in Spanish school children: relationship with lipid profile and insulin resistance. Obes Res. 2005;13:959–63.
Stensel DJ, Lin FP, Ho TF, Aw TC. Serum lipids, serum insulin, plasma fibrinogen and aerobic capacity in obese & non-obese Singaporean boys. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:984–9.
Horri M, Vakili R. Evaluation of cardiovascular and lipid profile abnormalities in obese children and adolescents. Iran J Med Sci. 2006;31:87–90.
Shea S, Aymong E, Zybert P, et al. Obesity, fasting plasma insulin and C-reactive protein levels in healthy children. Obes Res. 2003;11:95–103.
Misra A, Vikram NK, Arya S, et al. High prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal Asian Indian children is associated with adverse truncal body fat patterning, abdominal adiposity and excess body fat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1217–26.
Hiura M, Kikuchi T, Nagasaki K, Uchiyama M. Elevation of C-reactive protein levels is associated with obesity in boys. Hypertens Res. 2003;26:541–6.
Cook DG, Mendall MA, Whincup PH, et al. C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship of adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2000;149:139–50.
Moran A, Steffen LM, Jacobs Jr DR, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in youth. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1763–8.
Mehta M, Bhasin SK, Agrawal K, Dwivedi S. Obesity amongst affluent adolescent girls. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74:619–22.
Mozaffari H, Nabaei B. Obesity and related risk factors. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74:265–7.
Contributions
AKS; Acquisition of data, review of literature, design, statistical analysis, interpretation, drafting of manuscript, NS and TC; Design, review of literature, analysis.
Conflict of Interest
None.
Role of Funding Source
Funded by Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saha, A.K., Sarkar, N. & Chatterjee, T. Health Consequences of Childhood Obesity. Indian J Pediatr 78, 1349–1355 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-011-0489-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-011-0489-7