Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A comprehensive review on vehicular ad-hoc networks routing protocols for urban and highway scenarios, research gaps and future enhancements

  • Published:
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have received extensive consideration from the industry and the research community because of their expanding emphasis on constructing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to enhance road safety. ITS is a collection of technologies and applications that aim to improve transportation safety and mobility while lowering the number of accidents. In VANET, routing protocols play a significant role in enhancing communication safety for the transportation system. The high mobility of nodes in VANET and inconsistent network coverage in different areas make routing a challenging task. As a result, ensuring that the VANET routing protocol has the maximum packet delivery ratio (PDR) and low latency is of utmost necessity. Due to the high dynamicity of the VANET environment, position-based routing protocols are paramount for VANET communication. VANET is subjected to frequent network disconnection due to the varied speeds of moving vehicles. Managing and controlling network connections among V2V and V2I is the most critical issue in VANET communication. Therefore, reliable routing protocols that can adapt to frequent network failures and select alternative paths are still an area to be explored further. Majorly, VANET routing protocols follow the greedy approach; once the local maximum is reached, the packets start dropping, resulting in a lower packet delivery ratio. Therefore, lower PDR is still an issue to be resolved in VANET's routing protocols. This paper investigates recent position-based routing protocols proposed for VANET communication in urban and highway scenarios. It also elaborates on topology-based routing, which was initially used in VANET, and its research gaps, which are the major reason for the advent of position-based routing techniques proposed for VANET communication by various researchers. It provides an in-depth comparison of different routing protocols based on their performance metrics and communication strategies. The paper highlights various application areas of the VANET, research challenges encountered, and possible solutions. Further, a summary and discussion on topology-based and position-based routing protocols mark the strengths, limitations, application areas, and future enhancements in this domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

  1. ROR SAFETY (2018) Global Status Report on Road, World Heal. Organ 20. http://apps.who.int/bookorders

  2. Ang LM, Seng KP, Ijemaru GK, Zungeru AM (2019) Deployment of IoV for smart cities: applications, architecture, and challenges. IEEE Access 7:6473–6492. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2887076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Contreras-Castillo J, Zeadally S, Ibáñez JAG (2017) A seven-layered model architecture for internet of vehicles. J Inf Telecommun 1:4–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751839.2017.1295601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sherazi HHR, Khan ZA, Iqbal R, Rizwan S, Imran MA, Awan K, Elhoseny M (2019) A heterogeneous IoV architecture for data forwarding in vehicle to infrastructure communication. Mob Inf Syst 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3101276

  5. Arooj A, Farooq MS, Umer T, Rasool G, Wang B (2020) Cyber physical and social networks in IoV (CPSN-IoV): a multimodal architecture in edge-based networks for optimal route selection using 5G technologies. IEEE Access 8:33609–33630. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2973461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Contreras-Castillo J, Zeadally S, Guerrero-Ibanez JA (2018) Internet of vehicles: architecture, protocols, and security. IEEE Internet Things J 5:3701–3709. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2690902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Piramuthu OB, Caesar M (2023) VANET authentication protocols: security analysis and a proposal. J Supercomput 79(2):2153–2179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Seth I, Guleria K, Panda SN (2022) Introducing intelligence in vehicular ad hoc networks using machine learning algorithms. ECS Trans 107(1):8395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Seth I, Panda SN, Guleria K (2021) The essence of smart computing: internet of things, architecture, protocols, and challenges. 2021 9th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO), Noida, India, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRITO51393.2021.9596523.s

  10. Nayak RP, Sethi S, Bhoi SK, Mohapatra D, Sahoo RR, Sharma PK, Puthal D (2022) TFMD-SDVN: a trust framework for misbehavior detection in the edge of software-defined vehicular network. J Supercomput 78:7948–7981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-04227-z

  11. Katiyar A, Singh D, Yadav RS (2020) State-of-the-art approach to clustering protocols in VANET: a survey. Wireless Netw 26:5307–5336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wang S, Zhao Q, Zhang N, Lei T, Yang F (2018) Virtual vehicle coordination for vehicles as ambient sensing platforms. IEEE Access 6:11940–11952. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2808937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Manifesto C (2007) CAR 2 CAR Communication Consortium Manifesto, System 94. http://www.car-2-car.org/fileadmin/downloads/C2C-CC_manifesto_v1.1.pdf

  14. Adeli M, Bagheri N (2021) Mdsbsp: a search protocol based on mds codes for rfid-based internet of vehicle. J Supercomput 77:1094–1113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. El Gayyar KS, Saleh AI, Labib LM (2022) A new fog-based routing strategy (FBRS) for vehicular ad-hoc networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 15:386–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01197-0

  16. Dharani Kumari NV, Shylaja BS (2019) AMGRP: AHP-based Multimetric Geographical Routing Protocol for Urban environment of VANETs. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inf Sci 31:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kaddoura S, Haraty RA, Al Jahdali S, Assi M (2023) SDODV: A smart and adaptive on-demand distance vector routing protocol for MANETs. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 16(5):2325–2348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ji H, Alfarraj O, Tolba A (2020) Artificial Intelligence-empowered edge of vehicles: architecture, enabling technologies, and applications. IEEE Access 8:61020–61034. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2983609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Thirunavukkarasu V, Senthil Kumar A, Prakasam P (2022) Cluster and angular based energy proficient trusted routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc network. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 15(5):2240–2252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. MalekiTabar M, Rahmani AM (2022) A delay-constrained node-disjoint multipath routing in software-defined vehicular networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 15(3):1452–1472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ahmadi KD, Rashidi AJ, Moghri AM (2022) Design and simulation of autonomous military vehicle control system based on machine vision and ensemble movement approach. J Supercomput 78(15):17309–17347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Seth I, Guleria K, Panda SN (2024) A lane-based advanced forwarding protocol for internet of vehicles. Int J Pervasive Comput Commun 20(1):147–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-08-2022-0305

  23. Kachooei MA, Hendessi F, Ghahfarokhi BS, Nozari M (2022) An olsr-based geocast routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 15:246–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01246-8

  24. Malik S, Sahu PK (2019) A comparative study on routing protocols for VANETs. Heliyon 5:e02340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Shafi S, Ratnam DV (2022) A trust based energy and mobility aware routing protocol to improve infotainment services in VANETs. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 15:576–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01272-6

  26. Wu C, Ohzahata S, Ji Y, Kato T (2016) How to utilize interflow network coding in VANETs: A backbone-based approach. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 17:2223–2237. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2016.2516027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kaiwartya O, Abdullah AH, Cao Y, Altameem A, Prasad M, Lin CT, Liu X (2016) Internet of vehicles: motivation, layered architecture, network model, challenges, and future aspects. IEEE Access 4:5356–5373. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2603219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Datta SK, Da Costa RPF, Harri J, Bonnet C (2016) Integrating connected vehicles in Internet of Thingsecosystems: Challenges and solutions. WoWMoM 2016 - 17th Int. Symp a World Wireless, Mob Multimed Netw. https://doi.org/10.1109/WoWMoM.2016.7523574

  29. Lin D, Kang J, Squicciarini A, Wu Y, Gurung S, Tonguz O (2017) MoZo: A Moving zone based routing protocol using pure V2V communication in VANETs. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 16:1357–1370. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2016.2592915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Chowdhury SI, Il Lee W, Choi YS, Kee GY, Pyun JY (2011) Performance evaluation of reactive routing protocols in VANET, 17th Asia-Pacific Conf. Commun. APCC 2011 559–564. https://doi.org/10.1109/APCC.2011.6152871

  31. Al-Sultan S, Al-Doori MM, Al-Bayatti AH, Zedan H (2014) A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network. J Netw Comput Appl 37:380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.02.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cheng J, Cheng J, Zhou M, Liu F, Gao S, Liu C (2015) Routing in internet of vehicles: A review. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16:2339–2352. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2423667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Qu F, Wu Z, Wang F, Cho W (2015) A Security and privacy review of VANETs. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16:2985–2996. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2439292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kumar S, Verma AK (2015) Position based routing protocols in VANET: A survey. Wirel Pers Commun 83:2747–2772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2567-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Liang W, Li Z, Zhang H, Wang S, Bie R (2015) Vehicular Ad Hoc networks: Architectures, research issues, methodologies, challenges, and trends. Int J Distrib Sens Networks 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/745303

  36. Nair C (2016) Analysis and comparative study of topology and position based routing protocols in VANET. PnrsolutionOrg. 4:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  37. Patel D, Faisal M, Batavia P, Makhija S, Mani M (2016) Overview of routing protocols in VANET. Int J Comput Appl 136:4–7. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Khattra TKK (2017) Routing protocols for vehicular Ad-Hoc networks: a review. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci 5:788–791. https://doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v8i7.4422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yasser A, Zorkany M, Abdel Kader N (2017) VANET routing protocol for V2V implementation: A suitable solution for developing countries. Cogent Eng. 4:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1362802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wahid I, Ikram AA, Ahmad M, Ali S, Ali A (2018) State of the art routing protocols in VANETs: a review. Procedia Comput Sci 130:689–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Boussoufa-Lahlah S, Semchedine F, Bouallouche-Medjkoune L (2018) Geographic routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs): A survey. Veh Commun 11:20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2018.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Abbasi IA, Khan AS (2018) A review of vehicle to vehicle communication protocols for VANETs in the urban environment. Futur Internet. 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10020014

  43. Tripp-Barba C, Zaldívar-Colado A, Urquiza-Aguiar L, Aguilar-Calderón JA (2019) Survey on routing protocols for vehicular ad Hoc networks based on multimetrics. Electron 8:1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Bengag A, Bengag A, Elboukhari M (2020) Routing protocols for VANETs: A taxonomy, evaluation and analysis. Adv Sci Technol Eng Syst 5:77–85. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Srivastava A, Prakash A, Tripathi R (2020) Location based routing protocols in VANET: Issues and existing solutions. Veh Commun 23:100231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2020.100231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Abraham A, Koshy R (2021) A survey on VANETs routing protocols in urban scenarios. In: Second Int Conf Networks Adv Comput Technol, pp 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49500-8_19

  47. Elhoseny M, Shankar K (2020) Energy efficient optimal routing for communication in VANETs via clustering model. Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22773-9_1

  48. Evropeytsev G, Pomares Hernández SE, Pérez Cruz JR, Rodríguez Henríquez LM, López Domínguez E (2019) A Scalable Indirect Position-Based Causal Diffusion Protocol for Vehicular Networks. IEEE Access 7:14767–14778. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2893157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Singh S, Agrawal S (2014) VANET routing protocols: Issues and challenges. 2014 Recent Adv Eng Comput Sci RAECS 2014:6–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAECS.2014.6799625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. N.- us-Sama, K Zen, A.- Ur-Rahman (2017) An extensive survey on performance comparison of routing protocols in wireless sensor network. J Appl Sci 17:238–245. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2017.238.245

  51. He G (2002) Destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) Protocol. Networking Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology 135:1–9

  52. Clausen T, Jacquet P (2003) Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)

  53. Johnson DB, Maltz DA (1996) DSR : The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Comput. Sci. Dep. Carnegie Mellon Univ. Addison-Wesley, pp 139–172. http://www.monarch.cs.cmu.edu/

  54. Perkins CE, Park M, Royer EM (1999) Mobile computing systems and applications (WMCSA ’99). Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, pp 90–100

  55. Marina MK, Das SR (2006) Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 6:969–988. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcm.432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Slavik M, Mahgoub I, Alwakeel MM (2014) Analysis and evaluation of distance-to-mean broadcast method for VANET. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inf Sci 26:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2013.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Pei G, Gerla M, Chen TW (2000) Fisheye state routing: A routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks. IEEE Int Conf Commun 1:70–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2000.853066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Karp B, Kung HT (2000) GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp 243–254

  59. Lochert C, Hartenstein H, Tian J, Fübler H, Hermann D, Mauve M (2000) A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. IEEE Intell Veh Symp Proc 2003:156–161. https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2003.1212901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Lochert C, Mauve M, Füßler H, Hartenstein H (2005) Geographic routing in city scenarios. ACM SIGMOBILE Mob Comput Commun Rev 9:69–72. https://doi.org/10.1145/1055959.1055970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhao J, Cao G (2008) VADD: Vehicle-assisted data delivery in vehicular Ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 57:1910–1922. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2007.901869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yang Q, Lim A, Li S, Fang J, Agrawal P (2010) ACAR: adaptive connectivity aware routing for vehicular ad hoc networks in City scenarios. Mob Networks Appl 15:36–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-009-0169-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Soares VNGJ, Rodrigues JJPC, Farahmand F (2014) GeoSpray: A geographic routing protocol for vehicular delay-tolerant networks. Inf Fusion 15:102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2011.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Mershad K, Artail H, Gerla M (2012) ROAMER: Roadside units as message routers in VANETs. Ad Hoc Netw 10:479–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Mirjazaee N, Moghim N (2015) An opportunistic routing based on symmetrical traffic distribution in vehicular networks. Comput Electr Eng 47:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2015.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Zhang X, Cao X, Yan L, Sung DK (2016) A street-centric opportunistic routing protocol based on link correlation for urban VANETs. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 15:1586–1599. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2015.2478452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Bazzi A, Zanella A (2016) Position based routing in crowd sensing vehicular networks. Ad Hoc Netw 36:409–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2015.06.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Saleh AI, Gamel SA, Abo-Al-Ez KM (2017) A Reliable routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Comput Electr Eng 64:473–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2016.11.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Kumar S, Verma AK (2017) An advanced forwarding routing protocol for urban scenarios in VANETs. Int J Pervasive Comput Commun 13:334–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-D-17-00008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Karimi R, Shokrollahi S (2018) PGRP: Predictive geographic routing protocol for VANETs. Comput Networks 141:67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.05.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Liu L, Chen C, Ren Z, Yu FR (2018) An Intersection-Based Geographic Routing with Transmission Quality Guaranteed in Urban VANETs. IEEE Int Conf Commun. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2018.8422935

  72. Hassan AN, Abdullah AH, Kaiwartya O, Cao Y, Sheet DK (2018) Multi-metric geographic routing for vehicular ad hoc networks. Wirel Networks 24:2763–2779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1502-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Li N, Martinez-Ortega JF, Diaz VH, Fernandez JAS (2018) Probability prediction-based reliable and efficient opportunistic routing algorithm for VANETs. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 26:1933–1947. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2018.2852220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Chen C, Liu L, Qiu T, Yang K, Gong F, Song H (2019) ASGR: An artificial spider-web-based geographic routing in heterogeneous vehicular networks. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 20:1604–1620. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2018.2828025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Ksouri C, Jemili I, Mosbah M, Belghith A (2022) Towards general Internet of Vehicles networking: Routing protocols survey. Concurr Comput Pract Exp 34:1–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Ghaffari A (2020) Hybrid opportunistic and position-based routing protocol in vehicular ad hoc networks. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 11:1593–1603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01316-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Gao H, Liu C, Li Y, Yang X (2021) V2VR: Reliable hybrid-network-oriented V2V data transmission and routing considering RSUs and connectivity probability. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 22:3533–3546. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.2983835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Kandasamy S, Mangai S (2021) A smart transportation system in VANET based on vehicle geographical tracking and balanced routing protocol. Int J Commun Syst 34. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4714

  79. Kazi AK, Khan SM (2021) DyTE: An Effective Routing Protocol for VANET in Urban Scenarios. Eng Technol Appl Sci Res 11:6979–6985. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Shokrollahi S, Dehghan M (2023) TGRV: A trust-based geographic routing protocol for VANETs. Ad Hoc Netw 140:103062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Diaa MK, Mohamed IS, Hassan MA (2023) OPBRP-obstacle prediction based routing protocol in VANETs. Ain Shams Eng J 14(7):101989

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India

    Ishita Seth, Kalpna Guleria & Surya Narayan Panda

Authors
  1. Ishita Seth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kalpna Guleria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Surya Narayan Panda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: Seth, I., Guleria, K., and Panda, S.N.;  Methodology: Guleria K., and Seth, I.; Analysis: Seth, I and Guleria K.,; Writing original Draft : Seth, I., and Guleria ,K.; Review and Editing:  Guleria, K.,Seth, I. and Panda, S.N.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kalpna Guleria.

Ethics declarations

Ethical statement

Authors declare that the research presented in this paper does not require any ethical approval from Govt. or Non-Govt. organizations.

Human and animal rights

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Seth, I., Guleria, K. & Panda, S.N. A comprehensive review on vehicular ad-hoc networks routing protocols for urban and highway scenarios, research gaps and future enhancements. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-024-01683-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-024-01683-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation