Abstract
The eradication of diseases through vaccination has been a long-standing problem in developing countries. The supply chain plays an essential role in end-to-end connection and enhancing the effectiveness of successful immunization. However, no study highlights the vaccine supply chain's role in maximizing stakeholder outreach and a successful vaccination campaign. The supply chain cannot be applied as a 'one size fits all,' 'centralized,' or a 'black box approach' to every vaccination area, as each may require specific inputs from the supply chain. This study considers the Poliovirus eradication program at immunization centres in several vaccination areas in Pakistan and proposes tailored supply chain strategies that are conducive to the requirements of vaccination areas. There are four-fold contributions of this study, i.e., identification of several factors from the literature that can trigger various responses from the supply chain, prioritization of these factors using a graph theory approach, grouping of vaccination areas based on the similarity of factors for the formulation of supply chain strategies, and proposing three tiers of the customer-facing arc of integration for the vaccination areas. The first tier of integration strategies comprises accurate demand forecasts, controlling wastage, and enhancing synchronization among vaccination and other health services. The second tier of integration strategies comprises a mix of centralization and de-centralization, coordination, and robust information systems, considering the relocation of vaccination centres to population epicentres. The third tier of integration strategies comprises increased investment in awareness programs, increasing partnerships with private partners, and ensuring the well-being of personnel and ground support staff. Finally, the conclusion, limitations, and future recommendations are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available upon request.
Notes
World Health Organization. Children: Reducing Mortality Available at: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality. Geneva: WHO; 2019.
Bucher K, Dooley T, Little C, Romo CG, Sethna Z, Tamagni J, et al. Development Programme and Policy Guidance Production and Dissemination. 2015.
World Health Organization. Urgent Health Challenges for the Next Decade Newsroom. p. 1–3.
References
Abimbola S, Malik AU, Mansoor GF (2013) The final push for polio eradication: addressing the challenge of violence in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. PLoS Med 10(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001529
Agrawal S, Singh RK, Murtaza Q (2016) Disposition decisions in reverse logistics: graph theory and matrix approach. J Clean Prod 137:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.045
Ali M, Ahmad N, Khan H, Ali S, Akbar F, Hussain Z (2019) Polio vaccination controversy in Pakistan. The Lancet 394(10202):915–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32101-4
Ali SS, Kaur R, Khan S (2023) Identification of innovative technology enablers and drone technology determinants adoption: a graph theory matrix analysis framework. Oper Manag Res 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-023-00346-3
Andiç-Mortan E, Gonul Kochan C (2023) Modeling a closed-loop vaccine supply chain with transshipments to minimize wastage and threats to the public: a system dynamics approach. J Hum Logist Supply Chain Manage 13(2):216–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-10-2021-0102
Ataullahjan A, Ahsan H, Soofi S, Habib MA, Bhutta ZA (2021) Eradicating polio in Pakistan: a systematic review of programs and policies. Expert Rev Vaccines 20(6):661–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2021.1915139
Attri R, Khan NZ, Siddiquee AN, Khan ZA (2020) Quantifying the factors affecting the 5S implementation in manufacturing organisations using graph theory and matrix method. IJSOM 37(1):90–113. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSOM.2020.10016186
Baykasoglu A (2014) A review and analysis of “graph theoretical-matrix permanent” approach to decision making with example applications. AI Rev 42:573–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-012-9354-y
Baykasoglu A, Ozbay E, Tolga Gogus M, Oztas A (2009) Contractor selection with multi criteria decision support tools. Int J Ind Syst Eng 4(2):174–197. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISE.2009.022371
Bezawada-Joseph P (2010) Cold chain qualification: 5 questions you must ask when shipping biologics
Bhakoo V, Singh PJ, Chia A (2015) Supply chain structures shaping portfolio of technologies: Exploring the impact of integration through the “dual arcs” framework. Int J Phys Dist Log Manage. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2014-0298
Bhutta ZA (2014) Infectious disease: Polio eradication hinges on child health in Pakistan. Nature 511(7509):285–287. https://doi.org/10.1038/511285a
Bowersox D J, Closs D J, Cooper M B (2002) Supply chain logistics management. First International ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin 10
Bozorgi A, Fahimnia B (2021) Transforming the vaccine supply chain in Australia: Opportunities and challenges. Vaccine 39(41):6157–6165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.033
Castillo JC, Ahuja A, Athey S, Baker A, Budish E, Chipty T, Więcek W (2021) Market design to accelerate COVID-19 vaccine supply. Science 371(6534):1107–1109. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0889
Chandra D, Vipin B, Kumar D (2023) A fuzzy multi-criteria framework to identify barriers and enablers of the next-generation vaccine supply chain. Int J Prod Perfor Manag 72(3):827–847. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-08-2020-0419
Chen SI, Norman BA, Rajgopal J, Assi TM, Lee BY, Brown ST (2014) A planning model for the WHO-EPI vaccine distribution network in developing countries. IIE Trans 46(8):853–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.048
Childerhouse P, Towill DR (2011) Arcs of supply chain integration. Int J Prod Res 49(24):7441–7468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2010.524259
Chopra S, Meindl P, Kalra DV (2007) Supply chain management by pearson. Pearson Education India
Chowdhury NR, Ahmed M, Mahmud P, Paul SK, Liza SA (2022) Modeling a sustainable vaccine supply chain for a healthcare system. J Clean Prod 370:133423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133423
De Boeck K, Decouttere C, Vandaele N (2020) Vaccine distribution chains in low-and middle-income countries: A literature review. Omega 97:102097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2019.08.004
de Carvalho MI, Ribeiro D, Barbosa-Povoa AP (2019) Design and planning of sustainable vaccine supply chain. Pharmaceutical Supply Chains-Medicines Shortages 23–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15398-4_2
Din M, Ali H, Khan M, Waris A, Ullah S, Kashif M, Ali M (2021) Impact of COVID‐19 on polio vaccination in Pakistan: a concise overview. Rev Med Virol 31(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2190
Dries DJ (2023) Polio Is Back. Air Med J 42(1):5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2022.10.017
Duijzer LE, Van Jaarsveld W, Dekker R (2018) Literature review: The vaccine supply chain. Eur J Oper Res 268(1):174–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12788
Dyer JH, Cho DS, Cgu W (1998) Strategic supplier segmentation: The next “best practice” in supply chain management. Calif Manag Rev 40(2):57–77. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165933
Finkenstadt DJ, Handfield R (2023) The influence of supply chain immunity perceptions on COVID-19 vaccine willingness in supply chain professionals. Int J Logist Manage 34(1):84–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-03-2022-0111
Frohlich MT, Westbrook R (2001) Arcs of integration: an international study of supply chain strategies. J Oper Manag 19(2):185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(00)00055-3
Geetha NK, Sekar P (2016) Application of graph theory matrix approach to select optimal combination of operating parameters on diesel engine to reduce emissions. Int J Chem Sci 14(2):595–607
Gilani H, Sahebi H (2022) A data-driven robust optimization model by cutting hyperplanes on vaccine access uncertainty in COVID-19 vaccine supply chain. Omega 110:102637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2022.102637
Goodarzian F, Navaei A, Ehsani B, Ghasemi P, Muñuzuri J (2022) Designing an integrated responsive-green-cold vaccine supply chain network using Internet-of-Things: artificial intelligence-based solutions. Ann Oper Res 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04713-4
Grover S, Agrawal VP, Khan IA (2006) Role of human factors in TQM: a graph theoretic approach. Bench Int J 13(4):447–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770610676290
Haidari LA, Brown ST, Wedlock P, Lee BY (2017) Map of different vaccine supply chain efficiency measures. Vaccine 35(1):199–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.025
Health TLCA (2019) Vaccine hesitancy: a generation at risk. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 3(5):281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30092-6
Hovav S, Tsadikovich D (2015) A network flow model for inventory management and distribution of influenza vaccines through a healthcare supply chain. Oper Res Health Care 5:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orhc.2015.05.003
Hussain SF, Boyle P, Patel P, Sullivan R (2016) Eradicating polio in Pakistan: an analysis of the challenges and solutions to this security and health issue. Glob Health 12:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0195-3
Ittefaq M, Baines A, Abwao M, Shah SFA, Ramzan T (2021) “Does Pakistan still have polio cases?”: exploring discussions on polio and polio vaccine in online news comments in Pakistan. Vaccine 39(3):480–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.039
Jacobson S, Sewell E, Proano R, Jacobson SH, Sewell EC, Proano RA (2006) An analysis of the pediatric vaccine supply shortage problem. Health Care Manage Sci 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-006-0001-5
Jayaram J, Tan KC (2010) Supply chain integration with third-party logistics providers. Int J Prod Econ 125(2):262–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.02.014
Kamran MA, Kia R, Goodarzian F, Ghasemi P (2023) A new vaccine supply chain network under COVID-19 conditions considering system dynamic: Artificial intelligence algorithms. Socioecon Plann Sci 85:101378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101378
Kazancoglu Y, Sezer MD, Ozbiltekin-Pala M, Kucukvar M (2022) Investigating the role of stakeholder engagement for more resilient vaccine supply chains during COVID-19. Oper Manag Res 15(1–2):428–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00223-x
Khan T, Qazi J (2013) Hurdles to the global antipolio campaign in Pakistan: an outline of the current status and future prospects to achieve a polio free world. J Epidemiol Community Health 67(8):696–702. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-202162
Khan AS, Homri L, Dantan JY, Siadat A (2021) Modularity-based quality assessment of a disruptive reconfigurable manufacturing system-A hybrid meta-heuristic approach. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 115(5–6):1421–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07229-6
Khan SAR, Waqas M, Honggang X, Ahmad N, Yu Z (2022) Adoption of innovative strategies to mitigate supply chain disruption: COVID-19 pandemic. Oper Manag Res 15(3–4):1115–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00222-y
Khattak FA, Rehman K, Shahzad M, Arif N, Ullah N, Kibria Z, ul Haq Z (2021) Prevalence of parental refusal rate and its associated factors in routine immunization by using WHO Vaccine Hesitancy tool: a cross sectional study at district Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 104:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.029
Kis Z, Papathanasiou M, Calvo-Serrano R, Kontoravdi C, Shah N (2019) A model-based quantification of the impact of new manufacturing technologies on developing country vaccine supply chain performance: A Kenyan case study. J Adv Manuf Process 1(3):e10025. https://doi.org/10.1002/amp2.10025
Kotzab H, Bäumler I, Gerken P (2023) The big picture on supply chain integration–insights from a bibliometric analysis. SCM: Int J 28(1):25–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-09-2020-0496
Kumar P, Singh RK, Kumar R (2017) An integrated framework of interpretive structural modeling and graph theory matrix approach to fix the agility index of an automobile manufacturing organization. Int J Sys Assur Eng Manag 8:342–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-015-0350-x
Kumar N, Upreti K, Upreti S, Shabbir Alam M, Agrawal M (2021) Blockchain integrated flexible vaccine supply chain architecture: excavate the determinants of adoption. Hum Behav Emerg Technol 3(5):1106–1117. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.302
Kumar N, Tyagi M, Sachdeva A, Kazancoglu Y, Ram M (2022a) Impact analysis of COVID-19 outbreak on cold supply chains of perishable products using a SWARA based MULTIMOORA approach. Oper Manag Res 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-022-00289-1
Kumar S, Raut RD, Priyadarshinee P, Mangla SK, Awan U, Narkhede BE (2022b) The impact of IoT on the performance of vaccine supply chain distribution in the COVID-19 context. IEEE Trans Eng Manage. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3157625
Lee BY, Assi TM, Rajgopal J, Norman BA, Chen SI, Brown ST, Burke DS (2012) Impact of introducing the pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines into the routine immunization program in Niger. Am J Public Health 102(2):269–276. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300218
Lee BY, Wedlock PT, Haidari LA, Elder K, Potet J, Manring R, Brown ST (2017) Economic impact of thermostable vaccines. Vaccine 35(23):3135–3142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.081
Lemmens S, Decouttere C, Vandaele N, Bernuzzi M (2016) A review of integrated supply chain network design models: key issues for vaccine supply chains. Chem Eng Res Des 109:366–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.02.015
Liang F, Brunelli M, Rezaei J (2020) Consistency issues in the best worst method: measurements and thresholds. Omega 96:102175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2019.102175
Lin Q, Zhao Q, Lev B (2022) Influenza vaccine supply chain coordination under uncertain supply and demand. Eur J Oper Res 297(3):930–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.05.025
Liu H, Wei S, Ke W, Wei KK, Hua Z (2016) The configuration between supply chain integration and information technology competency: a resource orchestration perspective. J Oper Manag 44:13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.03.009
Liu R, Tan C, Zhao C (2021) Pricing and coordination of vaccine supply chain based on blockchain technology. Internet Res 31(6):2096–2119. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-09-2020-0508
Lopes JM, Morales CC, Alvarado M, Melo VA, Paiva Z, LB, Dias EM, Pardalos PM, (2022) Optimization methods for large-scale vaccine supply chains: a rapid review. Ann Oper Res 316(1):699–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04720-5
Lydon P, Raubenheimer T, Arnot-Krüger M, Zaffran M (2015) Outsourcing vaccine logistics to the private sector: the evidence and lessons learned from the Western Cape Province in South-Africa. Vaccine 33(29):3429–3434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.042
Lydon P, Schreiber B, Gasca A, Dumolard L, Urfer D, Senouci K (2017) Vaccine stockouts around the world: are essential vaccines always available when needed? Vaccine 35(17):2121–2126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.071
Mahdiraji HA, Kamardi AA, Beheshti M, Hajiagha SHR, Rocha-Lona L (2022) Analysing supply chain coordination mechanisms dealing with repurposing challenges during Covid-19 pandemic in an emerging economy: a multi-layer decision making approach. Oper Manag Res 15(3–4):1341–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00224-w
Malik M, Arshad Z, Hussain A, Jamshed S, Othman N, Alolayan SO, Al Thagfan SS (2022) Stakeholders’ perspectives regarding supply chain system of pharmaceuticals and vaccines in pakistan: a Qualitative study. In Healthcare 10(9):1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091738
Mangan J, Christopher M (2005) Management development and the supply chain manager of the future. Int J Logist Manage 16(2):178–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090510634494
Masood S (2019) Pakistan’s war on polio falters amid attacks on health workers and mistrust. The New York Times 29
Mohaghar A, Kashef MOJTABA, Khanmohammadi EHSAN (2014) A novel technique to solve the supplier selection problems: combination of decision-making trial & evaluation laboratory, graph theory and matrix approach methods
Mushtaq A, Mehmood S, Rehman MAU, Younas A, Rehman MSU, Malik MF, Hyder MZ (2015) Polio in Pakistan: social constraints and travel implications. Travel Med Infect Dis 13(5):360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.06.004
Nag B, De D (2008) Integration of small and medium-sized enterprises in international production networks: the automotive industry in Asia
Owais A, Khowaja AR, Ali SA, Zaidi AK (2013) Pakistan’s expanded programme on immunization: an overview in the context of polio eradication and strategies for improving coverage. Vaccine 31(33):3313–3319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.015
Pagell M (2004) Understanding the factors that enable and inhibit the integration of operations, purchasing and logistics. J Oper Manag 22(5):459–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2004.05.008
Parkan C, Wu ML (2000) Comparison of three modern multicriteria decision-making tools. Int J Syst Sci 31(4):497–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/002077200291082
Perveen S, Akram M, Nasar A, Arshad-Ayaz A, Naseem A (2022) Vaccination-hesitancy and vaccination-inequality as challenges in Pakistan’s COVID-19 response. J Community Psychol 50(2):666–683. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22652
Phukan RK, Barman MP, Mahanta J (2009) Factors associated with immunization coverage of children in Assam, India: over the first year of life. J Trop Pediat 55(4):249–252. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmn025
Pishvaee MS, Razmi J, Torabi SA (2012) Robust possibilistic programming for socially responsible supply chain network design: a new approach. Fuzzy Sets Syst 206:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2012.04.010
Rabbani M, Yazdanparast R, Mobini M (2019) An algorithm for performance evaluation of resilience engineering culture based on graph theory and matrix approach. Int J Sys Assur Eng Manag 10:228–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-019-00774-0
Raj T, Shankar R, Suhaib M (2010) GTA-based framework for evaluating the feasibility of transition to FMS. J Manuf Technol Manage 21(2):160–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410381011014350
Rajaguru R, Matanda MJ (2019) Role of compatibility and supply chain process integration in facilitating supply chain capabilities and organizational performance. SCM: Int J. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-05-2017-0187
Rana MS, Ikram A, Salman M, Usman M, Umair M (2021a) Negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization: experience from Pakistan. Nat Rev Immunol 21(11):689–690
Rana MS, Usman MM, Ikram A, Salman M, Zaidi SSZ, Umair M (2022) The negative impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on immunization and the positive impact on Polio eradication in Pakistan and Afghanistan. J Infect 85(2):174–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2022.04.039
Rana MS, Alam MM, Ikram A, Salman M, Mere MO, Usman M, Arshad Y (2021b) Emergence of measles during the COVID-19 pandemic threatens Pakistan’s children and the wider region. Nat Med 27(7):1127–1128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01430-6
Rao RV, Padmanabhan KK (2006) Selection, identification and comparison of industrial robots using digraph and matrix methods. Robotics Comput Integr Manuf 22(4):373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2005.08.003
Rao RV, Padmanabhan KK (2007) Rapid prototyping process selection using graph theory and matrix approach. J Mater Process Technol 194(1–3):81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.04.003
Sadjadi SJ, Ziaei Z, Pishvaee MS (2019) The design of the vaccine supply network under uncertain condition: a robust mathematical programming approach. J Model Manag. https://doi.org/10.1108/JM2-07-2018-0093
Sazvar Z, Tafakkori K, Oladzad N, Nayeri S (2021) A capacity planning approach for sustainable-resilient supply chain network design under uncertainty: a case study of vaccine supply chain. Comput Ind Eng 159:107406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107406
Schoenherr T, Swink M (2012) Revisiting the arcs of integration: cross-validations and extensions. J Oper Manage 30(1–2):99–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2011.09.001
Sinha AK, Anand A (2018) Development of sustainable supplier selection index for new product development using multi criteria decision making. J Clean Prod 197:1587–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.234
Sinha P, Kumar S, Chandra C (2023) Strategies for ensuring required service level for COVID-19 herd immunity in Indian vaccine supply chain. Eur J Oper Res 304(1):339–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.03.030
Stank TP, Keller SB, Daugherty PJ (2001) Supply Chain Collaboration and Logistical Service Performance J Bus Logist 22(1):29–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2001.tb00158.x
Thompson KM, Tebbens RJD (2007) Eradication versus control for poliomyelitis: an economic analysis. The Lancet 369(9570):1363–1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60532-7
Thompson KM, Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Pallansch MA, Wassilak SG, Cochi SL (2015) Polio eradicators use integrated analytical models to make better decisions. Interfaces 45(1):5–25. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.2014.0769
Valizadeh J, Boloukifar S, Soltani S, Hookerd EJ, Fouladi F, Rushchtc AA, Shen J (2023) Designing an optimization model for the vaccine supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Expert Syst Appl 214:119009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119009
Vanpoucke E, Vereecke A, Muylle S (2017) Leveraging the impact of supply chain integration through information technology. Int J Oper Prod Manage 37(4):510–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-07-2015-0441
Wang G, Cao RY, Chen R, Mo L, Han JF, Wang X, Qin CF (2013) Rational design of thermostable vaccines by engineered peptide-induced virus self-biomineralization under physiological conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(19):7619–7624
Wiengarten F, Pagell M, Ahmed MU, Gimenez C (2014) Do a country’s logistical capabilities moderate the external integration performance relationship? J Oper Manage 32(1–2):51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2013.07.001
Wong CY, Wong CW, Boon-itt S (2017) Do arcs of integration differ across industries? Methodology extension and empirical evidence from Thailand. Int J Prod Econ 183:223–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.11.001
World Health Organization PATH (2011) Developing a vision for immunization supply systems in 2020 landscape analysis summaries WHO & PATH 2018
Yadav AK, Kumar D (2023) Blockchain technology and vaccine supply chain: exploration and analysis of the adoption barriers in the Indian context. Int J Prod Econ 255:108716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108716
Yadav P, Lydon P, Oswald J, Dicko M, Zaffran M (2014) Integration of vaccine supply chains with other health commodity supply chains: a framework for decision making. Vaccine 32(50):6725–6732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.001
Zaffran M, Vandelaer J, Kristensen D, Melgaard B, Yadav P, Antwi-Agyei KO, Lasher H (2013) The imperative for stronger vaccine supply and logistics systems. Vaccine 31:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.036
Zailani S, Rajagopal P (2005) Supply chain integration and performance: US versus East Asian companies. SCM Int J 10(5):379–393. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598540510624205
Zameer M, Phillips-White N, Folorunso O, Belt R, Setayesh H, Asghar N, Chandio A (2020) Promoting equity in immunization coverage through supply chain design in Pakistan. Gates Open Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13121.1
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, A.S. One size does not fit all- Strategizing the vaccine supply chain in developing countries. Oper Manag Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-024-00479-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-024-00479-z