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An investigation on heat and mass transfer characteristics during spray drying of saline water

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Abstract

The paper presents the heat and mass transfer characteristics during spray drying of a saline solution using a full cone pressure-swirl nozzle of 0.2 mm diameter. The phase change behaviors are studied numerically using a 2D axisymmetric model and experimentally validated in a tailor-made apparatus. The operating conditions are chosen such that the magnitude of Weber and Ohnesorge numbers of spray liquid ensures the spray pattern is under atomization regime. The numerical model is validated experimentally using a commercially available saline solution with a concentration of 0.9% weight per volume at 1 g/s. The system uses air as a carrier gas with an inlet temperature and axial velocity maintained at 340°C and 1.2 m/s, respectively. Water-sensitive paper is used to validate droplet diameters for the said operating condition. The model is further extended to different operating conditions and saline mass fractions between 0.1 and 0.3. Based on the results, the particle heat and mass transfer characteristics are discussed.

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Abbreviations

Q :

Heat flow, W

Q eva :

Heat transferred to evaporate the water, W

Q heat :

Heat transferred to heat the dried particle, W

W :

Mass of evaporated water, kg/h

Cp v :

Specific heat of water vapor, kJ/kg. K

Cp w :

Specific heat of water, kJ/kg. K

Ta in :

Inlet air temperature, °C

Ta out :

Outlet air temperature, °C

T fin :

Inlet precursor Temperature, °C

mt p :

Total Mass flow rate of dried particle at outlet, kg/h

Cp p :

Specific heat of dried particle, kJ/kg. K

T p :

Temperature of particles at outlet of chamber, °C

m f :

Mass flow rate of precursor, kg/h

ΔT log :

Logarithmic mean temperature difference, K

V :

Volume of the spray chamber, m3

A d :

Particle surface area, m2

c p :

Specific heat of continuous phase, J/kg K

c pd :

Droplet specific heat, J/kg K

D ab :

Diffusion coefficient, m2/s

D :

Diameter of the particle, m

d p :

Diameter of the particle, m

E :

Total Energy, J

F D :

Drag force per unit mass of the particle, N

F r :

Surface and body force in the radial direction, N

F x :

Surface and body force in the axial direction, N

h :

Convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K

h :

Species Enthalpy, J/kg

h fg :

Latent heat of vaporization of the droplet particle, J/kg

h m :

Mass transfer coefficient, m/s

J :

Mass flux, kg m2/s

k g :

Thermal conductivity of the continuous phase, W/m K

m p :

Droplet mass, kg

Nu :

Nusselt number

Oh :

Ohnesorge Number of the droplet

P :

Pressure, N/m2, Pa

Pr :

Prandtl Number

R :

Radial position, m

Re r :

Relative Reynolds Number

Re d :

Droplet Reynolds number

S :

Total Entropy, J/K

Sh :

Sherwood number

S mass :

Source term for mass added to the continuous phase from the discrete phase

T :

Temperature of the continuous phase, K

T p :

Droplet temperature, K

u :

Axial velocity m/s

u c :

Velocity of the continuous gas phase, m/s

u d :

Velocity of the droplet in the discrete phase, m/s

u r :

Radial Velocity m/s

Pe:

Peclet Number

t:

Time, s

We :

Weber Number of the droplet

ρ c :

Density of continuous phase, kg/m3

ρ d :

Density of droplet in the discrete phase, kg/m3

β:

Evaporation constant, m2/s

ϑc :

Kinematic viscosity of continuous phase, m2/s

ωA ,∞ :

Moisture content of the ambient, %

ωA ,s :

Moisture content at the droplet surface, %

ω 1 :

Moisture content of the precursor on wet basis, %

ω 2 :

Moisture content of the particle at outlet on wet basis, %

λ :

Enthalpy of evaporation of water at 0°C, kJ/kg

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing Kancheepuram, (IIITDM Kancheepuram), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 127, India

    K Rajasekar & B Raja

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  1. K Rajasekar
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  2. B Raja
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Correspondence to B Raja.

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Rajasekar, K., Raja, B. An investigation on heat and mass transfer characteristics during spray drying of saline water. Sādhanā 47, 90 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-022-01863-w

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