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Bimodal volcanism in Betul Fold Belt, central India: Implications on petrogenesis

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Abstract

The Betul Fold Belt (BFB) present in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) is a mosaic of supracrustal volcano-sedimentary sequences, mafic–ultramafic rocks, and granitoid. In this belt, bimodal volcanics are represented by basalts and rhyolites from the Baragaon Group. The basalts comprise altered olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and accessory Fe–Ti oxides embedded within hypocrystalline groundmass comprising plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphiboles. They are characterised by high LREE, LILE over HREE, and negative Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf anomalies. In contrast, the rhyolites comprise quartz, plagioclase, and alkali feldspar with enriched LREE and prominent negative Nb, Ta, Sr, and Ti anomalies. The low Nb/La, Th/Nb, Th/La, and Th/Ce ratios combined with consistent Nb/Th ratios favour insignificant crustal contamination for basalts. The high Ba/Nb, Ba/Th ratios and low Th content of basalts suggest the incorporation of slab-derived aqueous fluids into the mantle source. The rhyolites are classified as type-I (low ∑REE and HFSE) and type-II (high ∑REE and HFSE), in which the former follows the basaltic partial melting trend, while the latter indicates the pure crystal fractionation process. The low Sr/Y (0.4–3.5) and La/Yb (4–10.1) ratios of rhyolites depict their generation at the plagioclase stability field. Trace element modelling demonstrates that the Betul basalts erupted from ~8 to 10% partial melting of SCLM in the spinel-garnet transition zone. In contrast, the type-I rhyolites are generated by the ~10% partial melting of underplated juvenile basaltic rocks followed by separation of 75% melt generated due to crustal assimilation induced fractional crystallisation, and the type-II rhyolites are produced by ~79% fractional crystallisation of the least evolved rhyolite. The zircon saturation temperatures (TZr = 788°–928°C) infer the higher temperatures required for the generation of these rhyolites in the convergent margin. These bimodal volcanic rocks are generated in the arc-rifting environment of the convergent margin regime.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Director, CSIR-NGRI, for the support and encouragement. CSIR has funded this work through SHORE project number PSC0205 under the 12th five-year plan. The first author thanks the Department of Science and Technology (DST-INSPIRE) (IF170279), New Delhi, India, for financial support through Inspire Fellowship. Dr D V Subba Rao is sincerely thanked for guidance and support. Drs A K Krishna and S S Sawant are thanked for their support in geochemical analysis.

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  1. CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500 007, India

    Sethuraman Gomathi Abhirami & Manavalan Satyanarayanan

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India

    Sethuraman Gomathi Abhirami

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Sethuraman Gomathi Abhirami: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, investigation, sampling and processing data, methodology. Manavalan Satyanarayanan: Conceptualization, writing – review and editing, methodology.

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Abhirami, S.G., Satyanarayanan, M. Bimodal volcanism in Betul Fold Belt, central India: Implications on petrogenesis. J Earth Syst Sci 132, 102 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02112-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02112-2

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