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Scale-dependency, rainfall, and lithologic controls on the hypsometry of the Western Ghats, India

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Abstract

Basin hypsometry is a proxy of landscape evolution, providing insight into the role of geological factors and climate on topography. With reference to the Western Ghats in India, we investigated for the first time the roles of scale-dependency, rainfall, and lithology on hypsometric properties and discussed possible controlling factors. We computed the hypsometric integrals for 1048 catchments of different orders. We observed that their value strongly correlates with the area, perimeter, and relief in larger catchments (4th to 6th order). We did not observe a scale-dependency on hypsometry in smaller (3rd order) catchments; instead, we found a correlation with the age of lithology. Younger formations, in particular, were associated with higher hypsometric integrals, corresponding to a younger stage of drainage development and higher erosion rates. The effect of rainfall on the spatial distribution of hypsometric integral values did not stand out at any spatial scale.

Research highlights

  • We investigated the roles of scale-dependency, rainfall, and lithology on hypsometric properties and discussed possible controlling factors for the entire Western Ghats escarpment.

  • A total of 1048 sub-catchments were investigated individually.

  • Strong scale-dependency was observed in high-order catchments (4th–6th order).

  • Lower-order (3rd) catchments are controlled by lithology, particularly by younger formations.

  • Hypsometry in the Western Ghats is independent of any rainfall control.

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Acknowledgements

SD acknowledges UGC-India for financial support. The authors are grateful to Dr Aparna Shukla (Handling Editor) and the anonymous reviewer for their suggestions to improve this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand

    Sreejita Banerjee

  2. Department of Geography, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India

    Sumit Das & Avinash M Kandekar

  3. Faculty of Science, Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Charles University, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic

    Gianvito Scaringi

  4. Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India

    Satish J Sangode

Authors
  1. Sreejita Banerjee
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  2. Sumit Das
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  3. Avinash M Kandekar
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  4. Gianvito Scaringi
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  5. Satish J Sangode
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Contributions

SD formulated the research questions and objectives, and defined the manuscript contents with inputs from SB, AMK, GS and SJS; SB analyzed the data; SB, SD, and AMK reviewed the background literature; SB and SD prepared the initial draft, which was edited and improved by all co-authors.

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Correspondence to Sumit Das.

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Communicated by Aparna Shukla

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Banerjee, S., Das, S., Kandekar, A.M. et al. Scale-dependency, rainfall, and lithologic controls on the hypsometry of the Western Ghats, India. J Earth Syst Sci 132, 49 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02068-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02068-3

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