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Geochemistry of bentonitized tuff band of outer NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India

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Abstract

Bentonitized tuff band occur as detached outcrops in the Siwalik of northwest Himalaya in India and Pakistan at various localities with similar strikes. In Jammu province, these detached outcrops are exposed at 21 sites and Badakhetar outcrop is the thickest among all these exposed sites. The aim of the present study is to understand the nature and source of this bentonitizied tuff band. Bentonitized tuff samples have been collected from Badakhetar bentonitized tuff section and analysed by XRF and ICPMS. All samples considerably have high SiO2 content (59.92–72.05 wt%) than other oxides [Na2O (0.09–1.88 wt%), MgO (0.76–4.67%), Al2O3 (11.73–23.88%), P2O5 (0.00–0.07%), K2O (0.07–4.29%), CaO (1.27–2.03%), TiO2 (0.06–0.10%), Fe2O3 (0.84–3.39%)] indicating intermediate to felsic nature of the Badakhetar bentonitized tuff band and have rhyodacite to trachyandesite composition. TiO2/Al2O3 values ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0230 suggest that there is no effect of weathering during the deposition of bentonitized tuff band.

Research highlights

  • First time delineate bentonitized tuff band at 21 localities in Jammu province of outer NW Himalaya and detailed study of Badakhetar section only carried out during the present work. The reason to study the Badakhetar section among all sections is because Badakhetar section is thickest (3.6 meters) among all bentonitized sections.

  • The occurrence of bentonitized tuff band is the time marker horizon in the Siwalik of Jammu province.

  • Geochemical analysis of 12 samples bentonitized tuff band has been carried out from Geochemical Laboratory, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun in the present study to know its source.

  • Major and trace data plotted on the discriminate diagrams which indicate a trachyte–dacite–andesite (intermediate–felsic) composition of bentonitized tuff band. The samples (BKB1 to BKB12) also plotted on discriminate diagram (Pearce et al. 1984) and which are falls in the field of Volcanic Arc Granite Syn Collision tectomagmatic setting.

  • Chondrite normalized values of rare earth elements for twelve bentonitized tuff band samples from Badakhetar section plotted on the spider diagram indicate slight enrichment of LREE over HREE.

  • On the basis of field evidence, geochemical composition and age, the Bentonized tuff band of Jammu province is correlated with the the Dashet-e-Newar Volcanic Complex of Afghanistan which might be the source of Jammu province bentonitized tuff band.

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Acknowledgements

The corresponding author is thankful to the Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi for financial support under research project (SR/FTP/ES-71/2013) through which the samples were analyzed at Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India. He also thanks Prof Pankaj Srivastava, Department of Geology, University of Jammu for helping them during the interpretation of the geochemical data. Also, the authors are thankful to Prof N V Chalapathi Rao, Editor, Earth System Science for closely reviewing and editing the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180 006, India

    Som Nath Kundal & Nighat Chowdhary

  2. Department of Geology, Cluster University of Jammu, Jammu, 180 001, India

    Sandeep Kumar

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SNK interpreted the geochemical data and prepared the manuscript. NC collected the bentonite samples from the field and prepared them for geochemical analysis. SK did the computational work of the manuscript including preparation of figures.

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Correspondence to Som Nath Kundal.

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Communicated by N V Chalapathi Rao

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Kundal, S.N., Chowdhary, N. & Kumar, S. Geochemistry of bentonitized tuff band of outer NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Earth Syst Sci 131, 110 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01821-4

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