Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trace-element systematics of pyrite and its implications for refractory gold mineralisation within the carbonaceous metasedimentary units of Palaeoproterozoic South Purulia shear zone, eastern India

  • Published:
Journal of Earth System Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Globally, refractory gold occurs in significant proportions in many types of gold deposits. The present work reports the occurrence of sulphide-hosted refractory gold within the carbonaceous phyllites of the South Purulia shear zone in the Singhbhum crustal province, eastern India. Detailed textural characteristics, paragenesis and trace-element concentrations of different generations of pyrites were studied to understand their evolutionary stages and the mechanism of gold incorporation in pyrites. Four types of pyrites, which are closely associated with gold mineralisation were identified in the host rock, i.e., carbonaceous phyllite. Py I is of diagenetic origin, whereas Py II, Py III and Py IV are of hydrothermal origin. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry studies confirm the presence of invisible/refractory gold concentration up to 110.55 ppm within these pyrites. The positive correlation between Au and As in pyrite indicates the significant role of As in the incorporation of gold in pyrite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of organic matter that provided suitable redox conditions for the precipitation of auriferous pyrites. The refractory gold mineralisation is attributed to widespread sulphidation during both sedimentation and hydrothermal ore-forming processes. Transformation of diagenetic pyrite to pyrrhotite during prograde metamorphism of carbonaceous rocks promoted the liberation of sulphur and Au from the lattice of abundant diagenetic pyrites to the hydrothermal fluid which later precipitated sulphides in the quartz ± carbonate veins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1

(after Sarkar et al. 1992).

Figure 2

(after Dwivedi et al. 2011).

Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abraitis P K, Pattrick R A D and Vaughan D J 2004 Variations in the compositional, textural and electrical properties of natural pyrite: A review; Int. J. Miner. Process. 74 41–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acharyya A, Ray S, Chaudhuri B K, Basu S K, Bhaduri S K and Sanyal A K 2006 Proterozoic rock suites along South Purulia Shear Zone, eastern India: Evidence for rift-related setting; J. Geol. Soc. India 68 1069–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  • Algeo T J and Maynard J B 2004 Trace-element behavior and redox facies in core shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansas-type cyclothems; Chem. Geol. 206 289–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjos C W D D, Meunier A, Guimaraes E M and Albani A E 2010 Saponite-rich black shales and nontronite beds of the Permian Irati Formation: Sediment sources and thermal metamorphism (Parana Basin, Brazil); Clays Clay Miner. 58 606–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arehart G B, Chryssoulis S L and Kesler S E 1993 Gold and arsenic in iron sulfides from sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits: Implications for depositional processes; Econ. Geol. 88 171–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asael D, Tissot F L H, Reinhard C T, Rouxel O, Dauphas N, Lyons T W, Ponzevera E, Liorzou C and Cheron S 2013 Coupled molybdenum, iron and uranium stable isotopes as oceanic paleoredox proxies during the Paleoproterozoic Shunga Event; Chem. Geol. 362 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belousov I, Large R R, Meffre S, Danyushevsky L V, Steadman J and Beardsmore T 2016 Pyrite compositions from VHMS and orogenic Au deposits in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: Implications for gold and copper exploration; Ore Geol. Rev. 79 474–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner R A 1984 Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 605–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya S 1989 Ductile shear zone in Purulia, West Bengal; Indian J. Geol. 61 172–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnemaison M and Marcoux E 1990 Auriferous mineralization in some shear-zones: A three-stage model of metallogenesis; Miner. Deposita 25 96–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bralia A, Sabatini G and Troja F 1979 A revaluation of the Co/Ni ratio in pyrite as geochemical tool in ore genesis problems; Miner. Deposita 14 353–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buerger M J 1936 The symmetry and crystal structure of minerals of the arsenopyrite group; Z. Kristallogr. 95 83–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral A R, Beaudoin G and Munnik F 2011 Lead in diagenetic pyrite: Evidence for Pb-tolerant bacteria in a red-bed Cu deposit, Quebec Appalachians, Canada; Mineral. Mag. 75 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral A R, Creaser R A, Nagler T, Lehmann B, Voegelin A R, Belyatsky B, Pasava J, Seabra Gomes A A Jr, Galbiatti H, Bottcher M E and Escher P 2013 Trace-element and multi-isotope geochemistry of Late-Archean black shales in the Carajás iron-ore district, Brazil; Chem. Geol. 362 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callan N J 1991 Syn-deformational shear zone-hosted Au-quartz vein mineralization in TTG host rocks, Renabi mine area, North Ontario: Structural analysis, microstructural characteristics and vein paragenesis; Ontario Geol. Survey.

  • Calvert S E, Bustin R M and Ingall E D 1996 Influence of water column anoxia and sediment supply on the burial and preservation of organic carbon in marine shales; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1577–1593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan M L and Bustin R M 1998 Palaeoceanographic controls on geochemical characteristics of organic-rich Exshaw mudrocks: Role of enhanced primary production; Org. Geochem. 30 161–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandan K K, Jha V, Sairaj K, Singh S and Venkatesh A S 2013 Greenfield exploration prospects of orogenic gold mineralization in and around Lawa area, North Singhbhum mobile belt, Eastern India Craton; Int. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 2 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarty A, Sen A K and Ghosh T K 2009 Amphibole – a key indicator mineral for petrogenesis of the Purulia carbonatite, West Bengal, India; Mineral. Petrol. 95 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee P, De S, Ranaivoson M, Mazumder R and Arima M 2013 A review of the ~1600 Ma sedimentation, volcanism, and tectono-thermal events in the Singhbhum craton, Eastern India; Geosci. Front. 4 277–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cline J S, Hofstra A H, Muntean J L, Tosdal R M and Hickey K A 2005 Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada: Critical geological characteristics and viable models; Econ. Geol. 100 451–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook N J 1996 Mineralogy of the sulfide deposits at Sulitjelma, northern Norway; Ore Geol. Rev. 11 303–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook N J and Chryssoulis S L 1990 Concentrations of invisible gold in common sulfides; Can. Mineral. 28 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox S F, Wall V J, Etheridge M A and Potter T F 1991 Deformational and metamorphic processes in the formation of mesothermal vein-hosted gold deposits: Examples from the Lachlan Fold Belt in central Victoria, Australia; Ore Geol. Rev. 6 391–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deditius A P, Utsunomiya S, Renock D, Ewing R C, Ramana C V, Becker U and Kesler S E 2008 A proposed new type of arsenian pyrite: Composition, nanostructure and geological significance; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 2919–2933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deditius A P, Utsunomiya S, Ewing R C, Chryssoulis S L, Venter D and Kesler S E 2009 Decoupled geochemical behaviour of As and Cu in hydrothermal systems; Geology 37 707–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deditius A, Utsunomiya S, Reich M, Kesler S E, Ewing R C, Hough R and Walshe J 2011 Trace metal nanoparticles in pyrite; Ore Geol. Rev. 42 32–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dill H and Kemper E 1990 Crystallographic and chemical variations during pyritization in the upper Barremian and lower Aptian dark claystones from the Lower Saxonian basin (NW Germany); Sedimentology 37 427–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand B and Nicaise G 1980 Procedures for kerogen isolation; In: Kerogen-Insoluble Organic Matter from Sedimentary Rocks (ed.) Durand B, Paris Editions Technip, pp. 35–53.

  • Dwivedi A K, Pandey U K, Murugan C, Bhatt K, Babu P V R and Joshi M 2011 Geochemistry and geochronology of A-type Barabazar granite: Implications on the geodynamics of South Purulia Shear Zone, Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India; J. Geol. Soc. India 77 527–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleet M E and Mumin A H 1997 Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis; Am. Mineral. 82 182–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleet M E, Chryssoulis S L, Maclean P J, Davidson R and Weisener G G 1993 Arsenian pyrite from gold deposits: Au and As distribution investigated by SIMS and EMP, and color staining and surface oxidation by XPS and LIMS; Can. Mineral. 31 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedl J, Wagner F E and Wang N 1995 On the chemical state of combined gold in sulfidic ores: Conclusions from Mössbauer source experiments; Neues Jb. Mineral. Abh. 169 279–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giri R K, Pandit D and Rao N V C 2018 Cobaltoan pyrite in a Lamprophyre from the Sidhi Gneissic Complex, Mahakoshal belt, Central India; J. Geol. Soc. India 91 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb R J, Leach D L, Pickthorn W J and Paterson C J 1988 Origin of lode-gold deposits of the Juneau gold belt, south eastern Alaska; Geology 16 440–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb R J, Ayuso R, Miller M L, Ebert S W, Marsh E E, Petsel S A, Miller L D, Bradley D, Johnson C and McClelland W 2004 The Late Cretaceous Donlin Creek Gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation; Econ. Geol. 99 643–671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb R, Baker T, Dube B, Groves D I, Hart C J R and Gosselin P 2005 Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes; Econ. Geol. 100 407–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory D D, Large R R, Halpin J A, Baturina E L, Lyons T W, Wu S, Danyushevsky L, Sack P J, Chappaz A, Maslennikov V V and Bull S W 2015 Trace element content of sedimentary pyrite in black shales; Econ. Geol. 110 1389–1410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I and Santosh M 2015 Province-scale commonalities of some world-class gold deposits: Implications for mineral exploration; Geosci. Front. 6(3) 389–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I, Goldfarb R J, Robert F and Hart C J R 2003 Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance; Econ. Geol. 98 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A and Basu A 2000 North Singhbhum Proterozoic mobile belt Eastern India – a review; Geol. Surv. India, Spec. Publ. 55 195–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy B, Beukes N and Gutzmer J 2010 Paleoenvironmental controls on the texture and chemical composition of pyrite from nonconglomeratic sedimentary rocks of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa; S. Afr. J. Geol. 113 195–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart C Jr 2005 Classifying, distinguishing and exploring for intrusion-related gold systems; Gangue MDD Newsl. 87 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawley J E and Nichol I 1961 Trace elements in pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite of different ores; Econ. Geol. 56 467–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazarika P, Mishra B, Chinnasamy S S and Bernhardt H J 2013 Multi-stage growth and invisible gold distribution in pyrite from the Kundarkocha sediment-hosted gold deposit, eastern India; Ore Geol. Rev. 55 134–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson C J 1989 The structure of shear related, vein type gold deposits: A review; Ore Geol. Rev. 4 231–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horng C and Roberts A P 2006 Authigenic or detrital origin of pyrrhotite in sediments?: Resolving a paleomagnetic conundrum; Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 241 750–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huston D L, Sie S H, Suter G F, Cooke D R and Both R A 1995 Trace elements in sulfide minerals from eastern Australian volcanic hosted massive sulfide deposits; Part I, proton microprobe analyses of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, and part II, selenium levels in pyrite; comparison with delta 34S values and implications for the source of sulfur in volcanogenic hydrothermal systems; Econ. Geol. 90 1167–1196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huston D L 2000 Gold in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Distribution, genesis and exploration; Econ. Geol. 13 401–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyland M M and Bancroft G M 1989 An XPS study of gold deposition at low temperatures on sulphide minerals: Reducing agents; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 367–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jean G E and Bancroft G M 1985 An XPS and SEM study of gold deposition at low temperatures on sulphide mineral surfaces: Concentration of gold by adsorption/reduction; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 979–987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen E P and Barton M D 2000 Gold deposits related to alkaline magmatism; Econ. Geol. 13 279–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha V, Singh S and Venkatesh A S 2015 Invisible gold occurrence within the quartz reef pyrite of Babaikundi area, North Singhbhum fold thrust belt, Eastern Indian Shield. Evidences from Petrographic, SEM and EPMA studies; Ore Geol. Rev. 65 426–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson J W, Oelkers E H and Helgeso H C 1991 SUPCRT92, a software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species, and reaction from 1 to 5000 bars and 0 to 1000°C; Comput. Geosci. 18 899–947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao S J, Horng C S, Roberts A P and Liu K K 2004 Carbon–sulfur–iron relationships in sedimentary rocks from southwestern Taiwan: Influence of geochemical environment on greigite and pyrrhotite formation; Chem. Geol. 203 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katti V J, Sen J and Bhatt A K 2010 Uranium potentiality of South Purulia Shear Zone, Eastern India Shield; Presented in technical committee meeting on low grade uranium deposits, IAEA.

  • Khodary S A E, Enany G M E, Okr M E and Ibrahim M 2014 Preparation and characterization of microwave reduced graphite oxide for high-performance supercapacitors; Electrochim. Acta 150 269–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large R R, Maslennikov V V, Robert F, Danyushevsky L V and Chang Z S 2007 Multistage sedimentary and metamorphic origin of pyrite and gold in the giant Sukhoi Log deposit, Lena gold province, Russia; Econ. Geol. 102 1233–1267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large R R, Danyushevsky L, Hollit C, Maslennikov V, Meffre S, Gilbert S, Bull S, Scott R, Emsbo P, Thomas H, Singh B and Foster J 2009 Gold and trace element zonation in pyrite using a laser imaging technique: Implications for the timing of gold in orogenic and Carlin-style sediment-hosted deposits; Econ. Geol. 104 635–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large R R, Bull W B and Maslennikov V V 2011 A carbonaceous sedimentary source-rock model for Carlin-type and orogenic gold deposits; Econ. Geol. 106 331–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Large R R, Halpin J A, Danyushevsky L V, Maslennikov V V, Bull S W, Long J A, Gregory D D, Lounejeva E, Lyons T W, Sack P J, McGoldrick P J and Calver C R 2014 Trace element content of sedimentary pyrite as a new proxy deep-time ocean-atmosphere evolution; Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 389 209–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larrasoaña J C, Roberts A P, Musgrave R J, Gràcia E, Piñero E, Vega M and Martínez-Ruiz F 2007 Diagenetic formation of greigite and pyrrhotite in gas hydrate marine sedimentary systems; Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 261 350–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li N, Deng J, Yang L-Q, Goldfarb R J, Zhang C, Marsh E, Lei S-B, Koenig A and Lowers H 2014 Paragenesis and geochemistry of ore minerals in the epizonal gold deposits of the Yangshan gold belt, West Qinling, China; Miner. Deposita 49 427–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus-Hills G and Solomon M 1967 Cobalt, nickel and selenium in sulphides as indicators of ore genesis; Miner. Deposita 2 228–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox L M, Bancroft G M, Scaini M J and Lorimer J W 1998 Invisible gold; comparison of Au deposition on pyrite and arsenopyrite; Am. Mineral. 83 1240–1245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikucki E J 1998 Hydrothermal transport and depositional processes in Archean lode-gold systems: A review; Ore Geol. Rev. 13 307–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mironov A G, Zhodik S M and Maksimova E A 1981 An experimental investigation of the sorption of gold by pyrites with different thermoelectric properties; Geochem. Int. 18 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar S, Singh S and Sahoo P R 2017 Petrographic characterisation of host rocks and ore mineralisation from Palaeo to Mesoproterozoic South Purulia Shear Zone, Eastern Indian Craton; J. Geosci. Res. 1 43–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra S, Deomurari M P, Wiedenbeck M, Goswami J N, Ray S and Saha A K 1999 207Pb/206Pb zircon ages and the evolution of the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: An ion microprobe study; Precamb. Res. 93 139–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morad S and Aldahan A A 1986 Alteration of detrital Fe–Ti oxides in sedimentary rocks; Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 97 567–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal D C, Barton M D and Sarangi A K 2009 Deciphering a multistage history affecting U–Cu(–Fe) mineralization in the Singhbhum shear zone, eastern India, using pyrite textures and compositions in the Turamdih U–Cu(–Fe) deposit; Miner. Deposita 44 61–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palenik C S, Utsunomiya S, Reich M, Kesler S E, Wang L and Ewing R C 2004 ‘Invisible’ gold revealed: Direct imaging of gold nanoparticles in a Carlin-type deposit; Am. Mineral. 89 1359–1366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasava J, Frimmel H, Vymazalová A, Dobes P, Jukov A V and Koneev R I 2013 A two-stage evolution model for the Amantaytau orogenic-type gold deposit in Uzbekistan; Miner. Deposita 48 825–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitcairn I K, Roberts S, Teagle D A H and Craw D 2005 Detecting hydrothermal graphite deposition during metamorphism and gold mineralization; J. Geol. Soc. London 162 429–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitcairn I K, Teagle D A H, Craw D, Olivo G K, Kerrich R and Brewer T S 2006 Sources of metals and fluids in orogenic gold deposits; Insights from the Otago and Alpine schists, New Zealand; Econ. Geol. 101 1525–1546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitcairn I K, Olivo G R, Teagle G A H and Craw D 2010 Sulfide evolution during prograde metamorphism of the Otago and Alpine Schists, New Zealand; Can. Mineral. 48 1267–1295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich M, Kesler S E, Wang L M, Ewing R C and Becker U 2005 Solubility of gold in arsenian pyrite; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 2781–2796.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich M, Deditius A, Chryssoulis S, Li J-W, Ma C-Q, Parada A P, Barra F and Mittermayr F 2013 Pyrite as a record of hydrothermal fluid evolution in a porphyry copper system: A SIMS/EPMA trace element study; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 102 42–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickard D and Luther G W 2007 Chemistry of iron sulfides; Chem. Rev. 107 514–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimmer S M 2004 Geochemical paleoredox indicators in Devonian–Mississippian black shales, Central Appalachian basin, USA; Chem. Geol. 206 372–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha A K 1994 Crustal evolution of Singhbhum–North Orissa, Eastern India; Geol. Soc. India Memoir 27 341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha I and Venkatesh A S 2002 Invisible gold within sulfides from Archean Hutti–Maski schist belt, Southern India; J. Asian Earth Sci. 20 449–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo P R and Venkatesh A S 2014 ‘Indicator’ carbonaceous phyllite/graphitic schist in the Archean Kundarkocha gold deposit, Singhbhum orogenic belt, eastern India: Implications for gold mineralization vis-a-vis organic matter; J. Earth Syst. Sci. 7 1693–1703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo P R and Venkatesh A S 2015 Constraints of mineralogical characterization of gold ore: Implication for genesis, controls and evolution of gold from Kundarkocha gold deposit, eastern India; J. Asian Earth Sci. 97 136–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar S C, Gupta A and Basu A 1992 North Singhbhum Proterozoic Mobile belt, Eastern India: Its character, evolution and metallogeny; In: Metallogeny related to tectonics of Proterozoic Mobile belt (ed.) Sarkar S C, Oxford-IBH Publisher, New Delhi, pp. 271–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar G and Ghosh Roy A K 1999 Geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of acid magmatism within Singhbhum craton; Geol. Surv. India 130 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seedorff E, Dilles J H, Proffett J M, Einaudi M T, Zurcher L, Stavast W J A, Johnson D A and Barton M D 2005 Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features; Econ. Geol. 100 251–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta S, Sarkar G, Ghosh Roy A K, Bhaduri S K, Gupta S N and Mandal A 2000 Geochemistry and Rb–Sr geochronology of acid tuffs from the northern fringe of the Singhbhum craton and their significance in the Precambrian evolution; Indian Miner. 54 43–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen P, Pan H and Zhu H 2016 Two fluid sources and genetic implications for the Hatu gold deposit, Xinjiang, China; Ore Geol. Rev. 73 298–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddorn J M 2010 The role of pre-existing veining in the localization of auriferous vein systems: Examples from the Canadian Shield; Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada.

  • Simon G, Huang H, Penner-Hahn J E, Kesler S E and Kao L 1999 Oxidation state of gold and arsenic in gold-bearing arsenian pyrite; Am. Mineral. 84 1071–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons S F, White N C and John D A 2005 Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits; Econ. Geol. 100 485–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefánsson A and Seward T M 2004 Gold (I) complexing in aqueous sulphide solutions to 500°C at 500 bar; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 4121–4143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester P J 2008 Matrix effects in laser ablation-ICP-MS; Mineral. Assoc. Can. Short Course 40 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sung Y H, Brugger J, Cioban C L, Ping A, Skinner W and Nugus M 2009 Invisible gold in arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite from a multistage Achaean gold deposit: Sunrise Dam, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia; Miner. Deposita 44 765–791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadesse S 2004 Genesis of the Shear Zone-related gold vein mineralization of the Lega Dembi gold deposit, Adola gold field, Southern Ethiopia; Gondwana Res. 7 481–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarnocai C A, Hattori K and Cabri L J 1997 ‘Invisible’ gold in sulfides from the Campbell Mine, Red Lake Greenstone Belt, Ontario: Evidence for mineralization during the peak of metamorphism; Can. Mineral. 35 805–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas K, Fleming C and Marchbank A 1998 Gold recovery from refractory carbonaceous ores by pressure oxidation, thiosulfate leaching and resin-in-pulp adsorption, US Patent, US5785736 (C22B3/08).

  • Thomas H V, Large R R, Bull S W, Maslennikov V, Berry R F, Fraser R, Froud S and Moye R 2011 Pyrite and pyrrhotite textures and composition in sediments, laminated quartz veins, and reefs at bendigo gold mine, Australia: Insights for ore genesis; Econ. Geol. 106 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins A G and Mavrogenes J A 2001 Redistribution of gold within arsenopyrite and Loellingite during pro- and retrograde metamorphism: Application to timing of mineralization; Econ. Geol. 96 525–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins A G 2010 Windows of metamorphic sulfur liberation in the crust: Implications for gold deposit genesis; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74 3246–3259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tribovillard N, Algeo T J, Lyons T and Riboulleau A 2006 Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update; Chem. Geol. 232 12–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugarkar A G 1998 Implications of retrograde metamorphism for gold mineralisation in the Greenstone Belts of Northern Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India; Gondwana Res. 2 215–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vapnik Y, Bushmin S, Chattopadhyay A and Dolivovodobrovolsky D 2007 Fluid inclusion and mineralogical study of vein-type apatite ores in shear zones from the Singhbhum metallogenetic province, West Bengal, India; Ore Geol. Rev. 32 412–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez G, Beziat D, Salvi S, Siebenaller L, Borisova A Y, Pokrovski G S and Parseval P D 2014 Formation and deformation of pyrite and implications for gold mineralization in the El Callao District, Venezuela; Econ. Geol. 109 457–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Zhou Y, Sun L and Ren C 1994 Study on the Gold Occurrence from Several Typical Carlin-Type Gold Deposits in China; Publishing house of University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei, 114p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan R 2001 Importance of metallurgical research on refractory gold ore processing; Min. Eng. 53(11) 41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L and Zhu Y 2015 Multi-stage pyrite and hydrothermal mineral assemblage of the Hatu gold district (west Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China): Implications for metallogenic evolution; Ore Geol. Rev. 69 243–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickens J, Pekrul J and Cole A 2003 Grindingth circuit improvements at Barrick Goldstrike’s Roaster facility; In: Proceedings of the 35 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Mineral Processors, pp 71–82.

  • Wood B J and Strens R G J 1979 Diffuse reflectance spectra and optical properties of some sulfides and related minerals; Mineral. Mag. 43 509–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood B J and Kiseeva E S 2015 Trace element partitioning into sulfide: How lithophile elements become chalcophile and vice versa; Am. Mineral. 100 2371–2379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu X and Delbove F 1989 Hydrothermal synthesis of gold bearing arsenopyrite; Econ. Geol. 84 2029–2032.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y-F, Li J-W, Evans K, Koening A E, Li Z-K, O’Brien H, Lahaye Y, Rempel K, Hu S Y, Zhang Z-P and Yu J-P 2018 Ore-forming processes of the Daqiao Epizonal Orogenic gold deposit, West Qinling Orogen, China: Constraints from textures, trace elements, and sulfur isotopes of pyrite and marcasite, and Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material; Econ. Geol. 113 1093–1132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang H Y, Liu Q, Song X L and Dong J K 2013 Research status of carbonaceous matter in carbonaceous gold ores and bio-oxidation pretreatment; Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23 3405–3411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yannopoulos J C 1991 The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold; Van Nostrand Reinhol, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • YongSheng L, ZhaoChu H, Ming L and Shan G 2013 Applications of LA-ICP-MS in the elemental analyses of geological samples; Chinese Sci. Bull. 58(32) 3863–3878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H X, Frimmel H E, Jiang S Y and Dai B Z 2011 LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis of pyrite from the Xiaoqinling gold district, China: Implications for ore genesis; Ore Geol. Rev. 43 142–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoheir B A 2008 Characteristics and genesis of shear zone-related gold mineralization in Egypt: A case study from the Um El Tuyor mine, south Eastern Desert; Ore Geol. Rev. 34 445–470.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Director, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad for providing necessary facilities; IIT (ISM) Central Research Facility, for Electron Probe Micro Analysis; Dr Dewashish Upadhyay, IIT Kharagpur, for his permission and necessary help for LA-ICP-MS analyses; and Dr Shiladitya Sengupta, Director, LA-ICP-MS Laboratory, Geological Survey of India, Faridabad, for his permission and necessary help with the LA-ICP-MS analyses. They also thank SAIF, IIT Bombay for allowing to avail the FTIR facility. SS is thankful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi for some of the facilities under Project No. NRDMS (01/07/014). Thanks are also due to Prof Chalapathi Rao and Prof Pulak Sengupta for their editorial handling. Authors are grateful for the constructive comments of the anonymous reviewer, which has helped improve the manuscript. We thankfully acknowledge Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Jamshedpur for providing the samples and helping SM with the field work. SM extends her gratitude to the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad for the financial support required for her research fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826 004, India

    Subhashree Majumdar, Sahendra Singh, Prabodha Ranjan Sahoo & A S Venkatesh

Authors
  1. Subhashree Majumdar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sahendra Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prabodha Ranjan Sahoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A S Venkatesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sahendra Singh.

Additional information

Communicated by N V Chalapathi Rao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Majumdar, S., Singh, S., Sahoo, P.R. et al. Trace-element systematics of pyrite and its implications for refractory gold mineralisation within the carbonaceous metasedimentary units of Palaeoproterozoic South Purulia shear zone, eastern India. J Earth Syst Sci 128, 233 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1256-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1256-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation