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Advances in the Xoo-rice pathosystem interaction and its exploitation in disease management

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Abstract

Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the devastating diseases of rice worldwide. The pathogen reported to cause 70% crop loss in some of the susceptible genotypes under disease favoring environments, viz., temperature ranging between 25 to 34°C and relative humidity more than 70%. In Xoo, about 245 genes govern the pathogenicity and host specificity. The hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes responsible for disease occurrence were clustered in the pathogenicity island of 31.3 Kb. The protein secreted through type three secretory system and type one secretory system mediates infection and establishment of the pathogen inside the host. However, elicitor molecules from Xoo triggered the resistant response in rice against the pathogen. An array of resistant genes (R genes) was known to be invoked by the host to combat the bacterial infection. To date, of the 45 Xa genes in rice, nine were cloned and characterized. The evolution of new races has made the task of developing resistant rice genotypes more challenging as it demands a comprehensive breeding strategy involving the best use of R genes from the existing gene pool. Thus, to combat the infection from the existing races and to slow down the emergence of new Xoo races, pyramiding two or more R genes was found to be effective against bacterial blight disease. In India, the successfully commercialized example includes the development of rice genotypes, viz., Improved Pusa Basmati-1, Improved Samba Mahsuri, PR106, Type 3 Basmati, and Mahsuri with selected R genes, viz., xa5, Xa4, xa13 and Xa21 against bacterial blight resistance. This review primarily portray Xoo-rice interactions and provides opportunities for its effective management through sustainable technologies.

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Figure 1

Source: CABI compendium records (CABI 2020).

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Abbreviations

avr :

avirulence

EBE:

effector binding elements

ETI:

effector-triggered immunity

hrp :

hypersensitive response and pathogenicity

LRR-RLK:

leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase

MAMP:

microbe-associated molecular patterns

NBS-LRR:

nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat

OryR :

orphan receptor

OsSWEET :

Oryza sativa sugar will eventually be exported transporter gene

PAMP:

pathogen associated molecular patterns

PIP:

plant inducible promoter

PTI:

PAMP triggered immunity

R genes:

resistance genes

RTX:

repeats in toxin

S genes:

susceptible genes

T3E:

type-three effectors

T3SS:

type-three secretory system

TAL:

transcription activator-like

UPTAvrXa27 :

up-regulated by transcription activator-like effector of AvrXa27

Xoo :

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Xop :

Xanthomonas outer protein

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Human Resource Development (No. MHRD-FAST-CoE (F.No.5–6/2013-TSVII) sanctioned to SU and Core funding from the Department of Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Government through University-PDF support to BJ by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India

    Johnson Beslin Joshi & Loganathan Arul

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, 625 104, India

    Jegadeesan Ramalingam

  3. Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India

    Sivakumar Uthandi

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  1. Johnson Beslin Joshi
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  2. Loganathan Arul
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  3. Jegadeesan Ramalingam
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  4. Sivakumar Uthandi
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Correspondence to Sivakumar Uthandi.

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Corresponding editor: Manchikatla Venkat Rajam

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Joshi, J.B., Arul, L., Ramalingam, J. et al. Advances in the Xoo-rice pathosystem interaction and its exploitation in disease management. J Biosci 45, 112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-00085-8

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