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Insights into the Critical Role of Exosomes in the Brain; from Neuronal Activity to Therapeutic Effects

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Abstract

Exo are natural nano-sized vesicles with an endosomal origin that maintain cell-to-cell communications in a paracrine manner. Owing to their physicochemical properties, Exo transfer various types of bioactive metabolites from origin cells to the recipient cells, resulting in induction/inhibition of specific signaling pathways. Like different tissues, Exo are indispensable for the function of neural cells inside the brain parenchyma. Various aspects such as neurogenesis, microglial polarization, and angiogenesis are closely associated with the reciprocal interchanges of Exo between cells in a tightly regulated manner. Similar to physiological conditions, these particles can affect the progression of inflammatory responses following the onset of pathologies. The existence of several uptake exosomal mechanisms, such as receptor-mediated endocytosis, and high penetration capacity into the deep layers of the brain makes Exo promising bio-shuttles for the alleviation of pathological conditions. Like astrocytes, stem cells can release Exo into the surrounding niche with neuroprotective properties regenerative potential. Whether and how Exo can initiate the essential signals required for neurogenesis has not been fully understood. In this review, we will try to elaborate on the putative therapeutic role of Exo in the dynamic activity of neuronal cells.

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Fig. 1
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Copyright 2021, Stem Cell Research & Therapy) [34]

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Copyright 2017, Stem Cell Research & Therapy) [95]

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Abbreviations

AAV:

Adeno-associated virus

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

BBB:

Blood–brain-barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

SOD1:

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1

ECs:

Endothelial cells

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport

Exo:

Exosomes

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GLT1:

Glutamate transporter 1

hiPSCs:

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IL-1α:

Interleukin-1 alpha

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

LncRNAs:

Long non-coding RNAs

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

miRNAs:

microRNAs

MVBs:

Multi-vesicular bodies

MCAO:

Middle cerebral artery occlusion

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2, like 2

(NF-κB):

Nuclear factor-kappa B

RVG:

Rabies viral glycoprotein

siRNAs:

Short interfering RNAs

SNAREs:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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Funding

This study was supported by a grant from Koç University.

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Author notes

  1. Emel Sokullu and Reza Rahbarghazi contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey

    Morteza Heidarzadeh & Emel Sokullu

  2. Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumeli Feneri Road, 34450, Sarıyer/Istanbul, Turkey

    Emel Sokullu

  3. Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Sepideh Saghati

  4. Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Karimipour & Reza Rahbarghazi

  5. Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Reza Rahbarghazi

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  1. Morteza Heidarzadeh
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  2. Emel Sokullu
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  3. Sepideh Saghati
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Contributions

M.H., S.S., and M.K. reviewed the literature and prepared a draft. E.S. and R.R. supervised the study.

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Correspondence to Emel Sokullu or Reza Rahbarghazi.

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Heidarzadeh, M., Sokullu, E., Saghati, S. et al. Insights into the Critical Role of Exosomes in the Brain; from Neuronal Activity to Therapeutic Effects. Mol Neurobiol 59, 4453–4465 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-022-02853-z

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