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Distinct Neurotoxic Effects of Extracellular Tau Species in Primary Neuronal-Glial Cultures

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Abstract

Recent data from various experimental models support the link between extracellular tau and neurodegeneration; however, the exact mechanisms by which extracellular tau or its modified forms or aggregates cause neuronal death remain unclear. We have previously shown that exogenously applied monomers and oligomers of the longest tau isoform (2N4R) at micromolar concentrations induced microglial phagocytosis of stressed-but-viable neurons in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether extracellular phosphorylated tau2N4R (p-tau2N4R), isoform 1N4R (tau1N4R) and K18 peptide can induce neuronal death or loss in primary neuronal-glial cell cultures. We found that p-tau2N4R at 30 nM concentration induced loss of viable neurons; however, 700 nM p-tau2N4R caused necrosis of both neurons and microglia, and this neuronal death was partially glial cell-dependent. We also found that extracellular tau1N4R oligomers, but not monomers, at 3 μM concentration caused neuronal death in mixed cell cultures: self-assembly tau1N4R dimers-tetramers induced neuronal necrosis and apoptosis, whereas Aβ-promoted tau1N4R oligomers caused glial cell-dependent loss of neurons without signs of increased cell death. Monomeric and pre-aggregated tau peptide containing 4R repeats (K18) had no effect in mixed cultures, suggesting that tau neurotoxicity might be dependent on N-terminal part of the protein. Taken together, our results show that extracellular p-tau2N4R is the most toxic form among investigated tau species inducing loss of neurons at low nanomolar concentrations and that neurotoxicity of tau1N4R is dependent on its aggregation state.

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Availability of Data and Materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Abbreviations

Aβ:

Amyloid-β

Aβ1–42 :

Amyloid-β 1 to 42 amino acid peptide

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

Ara-C:

Cytosine β- D–arabinofuranoside

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CGC:

Cerebellar granule cells

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DIV:

Days in vitro

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium

GSK-3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β

HEPES:

(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

ISF:

Interstitial fluid

MAPT:

Microtubule-associated protein tau

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NFT:

Neurofibrillary tangles

PHF:

Paired helical filaments

PI:

Propidium iodide

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

tau:

Tubulin associated unit

tau1N4R :

Recombinant full-length tau 1N4R

tau2N4R :

Recombinant full-length tau 2N4R

p-tau:

Phosphorylated tau

p-tau2N4R :

GSK-3β-phosphorylated recombinant full-length tau 2N4R

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

LDS:

Lithium dodecyl sulfate

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Funding

This work was supported by the Research Council of Lithuania, Bilateral Exchange Project Joint Research grant S-LJB-18-2 INFLAMTAU.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Katryna Pampuscenko, Ramune Morkuniene & Vilmante Borutaite

  2. Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Lukas Krasauskas & Vytautas Smirnovas

  3. Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Taisuke Tomita

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Contributions

KP carried out experiments on cell cultures, analysed and wrote the manuscript. LK and VS performed expression and purification of recombinant tau protein. RM planned the experiments, analysed data and wrote the manuscript. TT analysed data and wrote the manuscript. VB initiated, planned and supervised the study, wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Katryna Pampuscenko.

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Pampuscenko, K., Morkuniene, R., Krasauskas, L. et al. Distinct Neurotoxic Effects of Extracellular Tau Species in Primary Neuronal-Glial Cultures. Mol Neurobiol 58, 658–667 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02150-7

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