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Does Restraining Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis Rescue from Toxins-Induced Parkinsonism and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease?

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Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important inorganic molecule of the biological system owing to diverse physiological implications. NO is synthesised from a semi-essential amino acid l-arginine. NO biosynthesis is catalysed by a family of enzymes referred to as nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). NO is accused in many acute and chronic illnesses, which include central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, reproductive impairments, cancer and cardiovascular anomalies. Owing to very unstable nature, NO gets converted into nitrite, peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species that could lead to nitrosative stress in the nigrostriatal system. Nitrosative stress is widely implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), and its beneficial and harmful effects are demonstrated in in vitro, rodent and primate models of toxins-induced parkinsonism and in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and nigrostriatal tissues of sporadic PD patients. The current article updates the roles of NO and NOSs in sporadic PD and toxins-induced parkinsonism in rodents along with the scrutiny of how inhibitors of NOSs could open a new line of approach to moderately rescue from PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. The article also provides a perspective concerning the lack of ample admiration to such an approach and how to minimise the underlying lacunae.

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Acknowledgments

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the study (Networked Project: miND/BSC0115) financially as well as for providing research fellowships to Satya Prakash Gupta, Sharawan Yadav and Manindra Nath Tiwari. The University Grants Commission, New Delhi, is acknowledged for providing fellowship to Naveen Kumar Singhal. The correspondence reference number of this article is 3135.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Satya Prakash Gupta, Sharawan Yadav, Naveen Kumar Singhal, Manindra Nath Tiwari & Mahendra Pratap Singh

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273 009, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sarad Kumar Mishra

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India

    Mahendra Pratap Singh

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  1. Satya Prakash Gupta
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  2. Sharawan Yadav
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Correspondence to Mahendra Pratap Singh.

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Satya Prakash Gupta and Sharawan Yadav contributed equally to this work.

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Gupta, S.P., Yadav, S., Singhal, N.K. et al. Does Restraining Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis Rescue from Toxins-Induced Parkinsonism and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease?. Mol Neurobiol 49, 262–275 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8517-4

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