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The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide in the Neural Pathways Controlling the Lower Urinary Tract

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Abstract

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are expressed in the neural pathways regulating the lower urinary tract. VIP-immunoreactivity (IR) is present in afferent and autonomic efferent neurons innervating the bladder and urethra, whereas PACAP-IR is present primarily in afferent neurons. Exogenously applied VIP relaxes bladder and urethral smooth muscle and excites parasympathetic neurons in bladder ganglia. PACAP relaxes bladder and urethral smooth muscle in some species (pig) but excites the smooth muscle in other species (mouse). Intrathecal administration of VIP in cats with an intact spinal cord suppresses reflex bladder activity, but intrathecal administration of VIP or PACAP in rats enhances bladder activity and suppresses urethral sphincter activity. PACAP has presynaptic facilitatory effects and direct excitatory effects on lumbosacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Chronic spinal cord transection produces an expansion of VIP-IR (cats) and PACAP-IR (rats) in primary afferent axons in the lumbosacral spinal cord and unmasks spinal excitatory effects of VIP on bladder reflexes in cats. Intrathecal administration of PACAP6-38, a PAC1 receptor antagonist, reduces bladder hyperactivity in chronic spinal-cord-injured rats. These observations raise the possibility that VIP or PACAP have a role in the control of normal or abnormal voiding.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH grants DK 49430 and DK 77783 to WD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yamanashi Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuefuki, Yamanashi, 406-0004, Japan

    Mitsuharu Yoshiyama

  2. Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan

    Mitsuharu Yoshiyama

  3. Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Mitsuharu Yoshiyama & William C. de Groat

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  1. Mitsuharu Yoshiyama
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  2. William C. de Groat
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Correspondence to William C. de Groat.

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Yoshiyama, M., de Groat, W.C. The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide in the Neural Pathways Controlling the Lower Urinary Tract. J Mol Neurosci 36, 227–240 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-008-9090-6

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