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An Insight into Cholangiocarcinoma and Recent Advances in its Treatment

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Abstract

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant disease of the epithelial cells of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. This review focuses on various aspects of cholangiocarcinoma such as its associated causes, treatment criteria, and more.

Methods

Although it remains a rare malignancy and is the second most common primary malignancy of the liver, the incidence is increasing, especially the incidence of intrahepatic CCA. Several studies suggested that surgery is not only solution; recently, reported targeted drugs may have the potential to become an alternative option.

Results

This review provides an overview of the current scenario of targeted therapies for CCA, which were tabulated with their current status and it also included its associated causes and its treatment criteria.

Conclusion

Because of its rarity and complexity, surgery remains the preferred treatment in resectable patients. Howerver, the studies suggested that the recently reported drugs may have the potential to be an alternative option for the treatment of CCA and related complications. In addition, this review will certainly benefit the community and researcher for further investigation.

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Abbreviations

CCA:

Cholangiocarcinoma

iCCA:

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

pCCA:

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

dCCA:

Distal cholangiocarcinoma

WHO:

World Health Organization

AJCC:

American Joint Committee of Cancer

eCCA:

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

LNM:

Lymph node metastasis

PSC:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

IDH:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

FGFR:

Fibroblast growth factor receptor

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

HGFR:

Hepatocyte growth factor receptor

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. (Dr.) Pramod Kumar Sharma, Dean, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida (201310), for providing technical supports.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical & Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Rakesh Sahu & Praveen Sharma

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India

    Rakesh Sahu & Ajay Kumar

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, 201306, Greater Noida, India

    Ajay Kumar

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I, Rakesh Sahu (corresponding author), have done the entire work. The preparation of this manuscript is contributed by Dr. Praveen Sharma and Dr. Ajay Kumar.

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Sahu, R., Sharma, P. & Kumar, A. An Insight into Cholangiocarcinoma and Recent Advances in its Treatment. J Gastrointest Canc 54, 213–226 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-021-00728-5

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