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Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management

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Abstract

Purpose

Since the dramatic rise of obesity prevalence in childhood and adolescence has contributed to increased rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth, we sought to explore current evidence-based management options for pediatric T2D patients.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies of T2D in childhood and adolescence until September 2021.

Results

Special pathophysiological and diagnostic characteristics of T2D in this age are presented, while the main focus of the article is on management. Lifestyle interventions with healthy diet and exercise are of great importance for the treatment of T2D in children and adolescents. Metformin and insulin remain the traditional therapeutical means, while liraglutide recently gained indication for children older than 10 years both in USA and Europe. Data on the use, efficacy, safety and therapeutic considerations of other pharmacological treatments in children and adolescents with T2D are critically discussed.

Conclusion

Although many new and promising therapeutic strategies have been introduced during recent years for the management of T2D in adults, available therapeutic options for the management of pediatric T2D remain limited.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes and Obesity Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P&A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Kyriaki Karavanaki & Alexandra Soldatou

  2. Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Stavroula A. Paschou

  3. Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Laikon” General Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Nicholas Tentolouris

  4. Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Foteini Karachaliou

Authors
  1. Kyriaki Karavanaki
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  2. Stavroula A. Paschou
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  3. Nicholas Tentolouris
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  4. Foteini Karachaliou
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  5. Alexandra Soldatou
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Contributions

K.K. has the idea for this review. K.K., S.P., N.T. and A.S. performed the literature search. All authors contributed in data analysis. K.K. and A.S. wrote the first draft. All authors critically revised the work.

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Correspondence to Alexandra Soldatou.

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Karavanaki, K., Paschou, S.A., Tentolouris, N. et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management. Endocrine 78, 280–295 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y

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