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The genetic basis of high-carbohydrate and high-monosodium glutamate diet related to the increase of likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review

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Abstract

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Aside from the genetic factor, previous studies stated that other factors such as environment, lifestyle, and paternal–maternal condition play critical roles in diabetes through DNA methylation in specific areas of the genome. One of diabetic cases is caused by insulin resistance and changing the homeostasis of blood glucose control so glucose concentration stood beyond normal rate (hyperglycemia). High fat diet has been frequently studied and linked to triggering diabetes. However, most Asians consume rice (or food with high carbohydrate) and food with monosodium glutamate (MSG). This habit could lead to pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Previous studies showed that high-carbohydrate or high-MSG diet could change gene expression or modify protein activity in body metabolism. This imbalanced metabolism can lead to pleiotropic effects of diabetes mellitus. In this study, the authors have attempted to relate various changes in genes expression or protein activity to the high-carbohydrate and high-MSG-induced diabetes. The authors have also tried to relate several genes that contribute to pathophysiology of T2D and proposed several ideas of genes as markers and target for curing people with T2D. These are done by investigating altered activities of various genes that cause or are caused by diabetes. These genes are selected based on their roles in pathophysiology of T2D.

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Abbreviations

GLUT4:

Glucose transporter 4

PDX1:

Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1

NKX6.1:

NK6 homeobox 1

MAFA:

MAF bZIPtranscritpion factor A

FOXO1:

Forkhead box protein O1

GRP-78:

Binding immunoglobulin protein

PERK:

Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

IRE1α:

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α

XBP1:

X-box binding protein 1

CHOP:

C/EBP homologous protein

INSIG1:

Insulin induced gene 1

SREBP-1c:

Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c

SIRT1:

NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1

SCD1:

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

ATF4:

Activating transcription factor 4

CREB-2:

cAMP-response element binding protein 2

MEG3:

Maternally expressed 3

SLC2A4:

Solute carrier family 2 member 4

H3K9me3:

Trimethylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 protein

PCK1:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble)

ACO:

Acyl-CoA oxidase

CPT1:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1

BIFEZ:

Bifunctionalenzyme

ANGPTL4:

Angiopoietin-like 4

PDK4:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4

TIF2:

Transcriptional mediators/intermediary factor 2

UCP3:

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha

SRC 1:

Steroid Receptor Co-activator 1

aP2:

Adipocyte Protein 2

SHP:

Small Heterodimer Partner

MSG:

Monosodium Glutamate

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Acknowledgements

The research and writing of this paper was funded by Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (021/SP-Lit/LPPM-01/DRPM/Multi/FTB/III/2019). We thank Helen Hendaria Kamandhari, Ph.D. for her editing and comments.

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  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia

    Joshua Nathanael, Hans Cristian Adhinatya Harsono, Aubrey Druce Wibawa, Putu Suardana, Yoanes Maria Vianney & Sulistyo Emantoko Dwi Putra

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Nathanael, J., Harsono, H.C.A., Wibawa, A.D. et al. The genetic basis of high-carbohydrate and high-monosodium glutamate diet related to the increase of likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Endocrine 69, 18–29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02256-x

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