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Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

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Abstract

Beta-lactam antibiotics are the most commonly reported drug allergy in adults and children. More than 95% of those with reported allergy labels to beta lactams are not confirmed when subjected to allergy testing. Beta lactam antibiotics are associated with a wide spectrum of immediate and delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions. The latency period to symptoms and clinical presentation aids in the causality assessment. Risk stratification based on diagnosis and timing then allows for appropriate management and evaluation. Skin prick testing, intradermal testing and oral challenge are well established for evaluation of immediate reactions. Delayed intradermal testing, patch testing and oral challenge can also be considered for evaluation of mild to moderate delayed reactions. Cross-reactivity between beta-lactams appears to be driven most commonly by a shared R1 side-chain. Standardized algorithms, protocols and pathways are needed for widespread implementation of a pragmatic and effective approach to patients reporting beta lactam allergy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Ellen Minaldi

  2. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Elizabeth J Phillips

  3. Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Allison Norton

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  1. Ellen Minaldi
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  2. Elizabeth J Phillips
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  3. Allison Norton
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Correspondence to Elizabeth J Phillips.

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Minaldi, E., Phillips, E.J. & Norton, A. Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 62, 449–462 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08903-z

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