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Application of Human Stem Cell Derived Retinal Organoids in the Exploration of the Mechanisms of Early Retinal Development

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Abstract

The intricate neural circuit of retina extracts salient features of the natural world and forms bioelectric impulse as the origin of vision. The early development of retina is a highly complex and coordinated process in morphogenesis and neurogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that stem cells derived human retinal organoids (hROs) in vitro faithfully recapitulates the embryonic developmental process of human retina no matter in the transcriptome, cellular biology and histomorphology. The emergence of hROs greatly deepens on the understanding of early development of human retina. Here, we reviewed the events of early retinal development both in animal embryos and hROs studies, which mainly comprises the formation of optic vesicle and optic cup shape, differentiation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), photoreceptor cells (PRs) and its supportive retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE). We also discussed the classic and frontier molecular pathways up to date to decipher the underlying mechanisms of early development of human retina and hROs. Finally, we summarized the application prospect, challenges and cutting-edge techniques of hROs for uncovering the principles and mechanisms of retinal development and related developmental disorder. hROs is a priori selection for studying human retinal development and function and may be a fundamental tool for unlocking the unknown insight into retinal development and disease.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants 31930068; the National Key Research and Development Program of China grants 2021YFA1101203.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China

    Jiahui Kang, Cao Yang, Xi Lin, Lijuan Yan, Yu Gong & Haiwei Xu

  2. Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China

    Jiahui Kang, Cao Yang, Xi Lin, Lijuan Yan, Yu Gong & Haiwei Xu

  3. Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Jing Gong

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Yu Gong

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  1. Jiahui Kang
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  2. Jing Gong
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  3. Cao Yang
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  4. Xi Lin
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  6. Yu Gong
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Conceptualization: Professor Haiwei Xu; Funding acquisition: Professor Haiwei Xu; Writing—original draft preparation: Jiahui Kang; Writing—review and editing:Yu Gong, Jing Gong, Cao Yang, Xi Lin, Lijuan Yan. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Kang, J., Gong, J., Yang, C. et al. Application of Human Stem Cell Derived Retinal Organoids in the Exploration of the Mechanisms of Early Retinal Development. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 19, 1755–1772 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-023-10553-x

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