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The Protective Effects of Taurine, a Non-essential Amino Acid, Against Metals Toxicities: A Review Article

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Abstract

Taurine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid derived from cysteine. It is involved in several phenomena such as the regulation of growth and differentiation, osmoregulation, neurohormonal modulation, and lipid metabolism. Taurine is important because of its high levels in several tissues such as the central nervous system (CNS), heart, skeletal muscles, retinal membranes, and platelets. In this report, we present the functional properties of taurine indicating that it has potential effects on various metal toxicities. Therefore, a comprehensive literature review was performed using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. According to the search keywords, 61 articles were included in the study. The results indicate that taurine protects tissues against metal toxicity through enhancement of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, modulation of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, involvement in different molecular pathways, and interference with the activity of various enzymes. Taken together, taurine is a natural supplement that presents antitoxic effects against many types of compounds, especially metals, suggesting public consumption of this amino acid as a prophylactic agent against the incidence of metal toxicity.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

Al:

Aluminum

ALAD:

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ALD:

Alendronate

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

As:

Arsenic

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ATF-6:

Activating transcription factor-6

AZA:

Azathioprine

BALF:

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

Bax:

bcl-2-like protein 4

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

BUN:

Blood urine nitrogen

CAT:

Catalase

Cd:

Cadmium

CHOP:

C/EBP homologous protein

CK:

creatine kinase

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

Cr:

Chromium

Cr:

Creatinine

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CYP:

Cytochrome P450

DBAN:

Dibromoacetonitrile

DP:

Depotentiation

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

EPSP:

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

ERK:

Extracellular regulated protein kinases

FBP:

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

FSH:

Follicle stimulating

G6-PD:

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GABA:

gamma-Aminobutyric acid

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

HBCD:

Hexabromocyclododecane

Hcy:

Homocysteine

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase-1

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

ICAM-1:

Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1

IL-1β:

Interlukin-1β

IL-6:

Interleukin

INH:

Isoniazid

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IRE1α:

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha

ISO:

Isoproterenol

JNKs:

c-Jun N-terminal kinases

KBrO3:

Potassium bromate

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LH:

Luteinizing

LHP:

Lipid hydroperoxides

LOX-1:

Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1

LPO:

Lipid peroxidase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

MDH:

Malate dehydrogenase

MCH:

Mean cell hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

ME:

Malic enzyme

METH:

Methamphetamine

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NAGase:

N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase

NF-кβ:

Nuclear factor kappa‐β

NLRP3:

Pyrin domain-containing 3

NO:

Nitric oxide

NQO:

NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PERK:

Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase

PLT:

Platelet

ROS:

Reactive oxygen system

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TG:

Triglycerides

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TOCP:

Triorthocresyl phosphate

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

WBC:

White blood cells

ZPP:

Zinc protoporphyrin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Karim Naraki, Majid Keshavarzi, Bibi Marjan Razavi & Hossein Hosseinzadeh

  2. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Hossein Hosseinzadeh

  3. Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Bibi Marjan Razavi

  4. Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Karim Naraki

Authors
  1. Karim Naraki
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  2. Majid Keshavarzi
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  3. Bibi Marjan Razavi
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  4. Hossein Hosseinzadeh
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Contributions

HH contributed to the study conception, design, and supervision of the research. Data collection and analysis were performed by KN and MK. A critical revision of the paper was conducted by BMR. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KN and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hossein Hosseinzadeh.

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Naraki, K., Keshavarzi, M., Razavi, B.M. et al. The Protective Effects of Taurine, a Non-essential Amino Acid, Against Metals Toxicities: A Review Article. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04191-8

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